Justify your answer. Before focusing on this important question, we have first to clarify the meaning of the term meteorite impact crater or impact structure. oqoujYm<3, \xu_-^/NiU,*&N ]L$[LDf>q@#SB9o9~-EPs lRj{u/wk\:oD $Ly Earth continues to be a target and contrary to popular opinion, the Moon does not act as a meteoroid deflector (it is too small and too distant!). Degraded craters -- Craters that have become eroded due to weathering, lava flows, impacting, or downslope movement of material. How looks an impact crater that was produced by an oblique impact? Moreover, the principles of superposition and cross-cutting relations indicate that a feature which at least partly covers another feature is the younger. Color is often an indicator of the composition of a rock or mineral and can be effectively used to identify the composition of most igneous rocks. Reuyl is a crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 9.8 south latitude and 193.2 west longitude. Very similar, but still different, therefore two different minerals. Lastly, pyroclastic texture is composed of volcanic fragments. Light colors, including white, light gray, tan and pink, indicate a felsic composition. Sedimentary rocks are rocks composed of sediment. For the roughly 200 established terrestrial impact structures neither a comet nor a rubble pile asteroid could definitely be shown to have been the impactor. Explain why you believe the way you do. Biologic sedimentary rocks are which form as the result of the accumulation of organic material or biologic activity. 64 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 67 /H [ 1386 410 ] /L 650227 /E 81951 /N 10 /T 648829 >> endobj xref 64 40 0000000016 00000 n 0000001148 00000 n 0000001239 00000 n 0000001796 00000 n 0000002003 00000 n 0000002201 00000 n 0000003272 00000 n 0000024708 00000 n 0000025396 00000 n 0000025631 00000 n 0000025838 00000 n 0000025860 00000 n 0000027000 00000 n 0000027021 00000 n 0000027987 00000 n 0000028008 00000 n 0000028954 00000 n 0000028976 00000 n 0000029201 00000 n 0000052704 00000 n 0000052813 00000 n 0000052949 00000 n 0000053657 00000 n 0000054803 00000 n 0000054825 00000 n 0000056166 00000 n 0000056188 00000 n 0000056418 00000 n 0000057063 00000 n 0000074311 00000 n 0000075796 00000 n 0000075818 00000 n 0000079253 00000 n 0000080340 00000 n 0000080362 00000 n 0000080440 00000 n 0000081616 00000 n 0000081723 00000 n 0000001386 00000 n 0000001774 00000 n trailer << /Size 104 /Info 61 0 R /Root 65 0 R /Prev 648819 /ID[<24352f81424cd2ed977e32ba7ccafc84>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 65 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 58 0 R /AcroForm 66 0 R /Metadata 57 0 R >> endobj 66 0 obj << /Fields [ ] /DR << /Font << /ZaDb 54 0 R /Helv 55 0 R >> /Encoding << /PDFDocEncoding 56 0 R >> >> /DA (/Helv 0 Tf 0 g ) >> endobj 102 0 obj << /S 247 /V 348 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 103 0 R >> stream Aphanitic texture is a fine grained texture but the crystals are too small to see. Measure and record the width of the Ius Chasma. Explain your answer. Smaller planets have less gravitational "pull" than large planets; impactors will strike at lower speeds. Here again, the difference is obvious: In the case of cobble-into-mud or raindrop impacts the craters are not much larger than the projectile (Fig. Such outbursts can be violent enough that once the eruption is over, the volcano collapses in on its empty vacant magma chamber and forms a caldera, or volcanic crater. Like the other planets, Earth formed . Image from the Mars Global Surveyor, courtesy of the Lunar and Planetary Institute. Note the remarkable difference to the crater-projectile ratio in Fig. 12. The impactor is shattered into small pieces and may melt or vaporize. endobj Typically the large crystals (phenocrysts) are visible while the smaller crystal are not (referred to as groundmass). Planet Earth holds some of the strangest, natural tourist . Justify your answer. Sometimes, impact structures are distinguished from impact craters by their weak morphological signature compared with a true crater. As mentioned above, the composition of most igneous rocks can be identified using this system, formally known as the Color Index. -+eh5 L*]>;ppq I noticed the young crater has an odd shape, non-circular, almost diamond-shaped. Four minerals that need to be identified are quartz, halite, gypsum and calcite. 20. Erosion is the dominant geologic process acting on Mars today. Computer simulations show that the modification process may already begin before standstill of the excavation leading to large-scale countermovement of rock masses. The four major geologic processes (gradation, impact cratering, tectonism, and volcanism) each produce distinct landforms. Whereas volcanic craters arise from deep inside the planet, impact craters originate in outer space. A good example is the mineral plagioclase. Both will react to HCl. 9). The now existing bowl-shaped structure surrounded by an uplifted rim and a blanket of ejected material is termed the transient crater obviously indicating a continuation of the impact cratering process arriving in the modification stage. Consider the relationship between Ma'adim Vallis and Gusev, the 160 km . It has a raised rim around the edge, and nice, sharp features. and J.A. Quartz has a hardness of 7 and is very difficult to scratch, even with a good quality knife blade. Obsidian is volcanic glass which erupts as a lava flow. Craters come in two flavors: those that aren't caused by asteroids or comets, impact craters, are formed by powerful volcanic explosions. Procedures and Questions: Part 2 Ius Chasma is part of the western end of Valles Marineris, the largest Martian canyon. What happens when an impactor hits? Material Type: Lab; Class: Sci Thought/Processes I; Subject: Honors Program; University: George Mason University; Term: Unknown 1989; M8 aR Download Planetary_Geology PDF for free. 17. rought The right side of Figure 12.4 shows a rift zone on Venus. It has some of the clearest water in the world, and the bottom lies nearly 2,000 feet below the surface, making it the deepest lake in the United States.You can gaze down on it from lookouts along the Rim Drive, part of the 500-mile-long Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway.Or you can peer into its depths during a boat tour to Wizard Island (formed by a more . What happens if a comet or a very low-density, loosely bound asteroid (like Mathilde asteroid, Fig. 19. When we think about cratering, we usually think of big rocks falling onto a planet, but even tiny pebbles can make craters. 7 0 obj * Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project Most obsidian is felsic in composition, yet typically it will have a very dark color (dark brown to black). Therefore, older surfaces have more impact craters. Earth has weather, water, and plants. Large crustal blocks were merging together to create the . Such a high-speed impact produces a crater that is approximately 20 times larger in diameter than the impacting object. Source: https://news.discovery.com/earth/how-are-craters-formed.html, Center for Planetary Exploration (CPEx) Opens at Stony Brook University. endobj What geologic process do you think formed Reuyl (labeled B)? 245 pp, Oxford Univ. Media Policy Hb```,6 u!b`0pT 9, ",8FRc g3g86y~D#*}So ". In the beginning debate about meteorite craters (about one hundred years ago), astronomers believed the many craters on the Moon were volcanic. Topography from echo sounder measurements. Mars has some of the largest volcanoes in the solar system, including Olympus Mons, a massive volcano many times larger than the Island of Hawaii. 9). Texture will still be used but in a different sense than for igneous rocks. The high-speed impact of a large meteorite compresses, or forces downward, a . Venus has fewer craters; its surface has been covered recently (in the last 500 million years!) Cross sections of simple and complex impact craters. 11 0 obj Fig. Hailstones and even raindrops may produce on harder ground small craters as well (Fig. Early in the formation of our solar system (before 3.9 billion years ago) there was lots of large debris striking the surfaces of the young planets and moons; these older impact basins are larger than the more recent craters. The model crater developed a nice central peak as well as terraced margins. The polar caps shrink during local summer and grow during local winter. The rock is composed entirely of glass. These chunks begin to form at the top layer of the lava, which is cooling the fastest. i~4?7Z"UJmiCwbes%7Vo}bf_iK4Ev, u4J_8(Vjj#W]^`:*I23SPPEX `p-1sU?"_F4I=?^i(.i]V It is located along the north border of the Snake River Plain in Idaho. <> Ds8d9B nNPS,*_y\v`/>wou__]ewPcLkUU$~z-S|lj O/#lr 9]_nc5u$9a4GVKwsaG|4ot6%?F3Xa:K1r=1\Sw (80 km diameter). While many minerals share common physical properties, when all of a mineral's physical properties are examined, it often results in a unique set of physical properties which can be used to identify the mineral. {u/ 8`&_@ug,jbAM$[$oPocqM9K'5u"gY2;!1Nb$NfMc,cl9{=ZY6m#v]b1$m|"^K)Ks7q~B-=Cdl/)q&eHdiT) %Iwd`y\*/[Cr|R>/cRN]UyYIcF8`wiaV>bzw]'b+DZbV;zdge4e=00%9)q@B|~1QV, V=~ERZRm -Y Reuyl is a crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 9.8 south latitude and 193.2 west longitude. HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_5.jpg"Figure 5. This will result in the formation of central uplifts and ring systems, and we may now refer to these as central-uplift or central-peak craters, peak-ring craters or multi-ring craters establishing the group of so-called complex impact craters or complex impact structures (Fig. This "period of heavy bombardment" ended by about 3.9 billion years ago. 1). What process do you think formed Reuyl crater (marked B on Figure 11)? endobj The crater was created instantly when a 50m, 150,000-ton meteor slammed into the desert about 50,000 years ago. The insets in the black boxes show close-ups of some of the structures that lava can form: (left) branched channels, (middle) a snaking channel and (right) rootless vents; the rootless vents are also marked by yellow spots on the main image. What are craters? Consider the relationship between Ma'adim Vallis and Gusev, the 160 km diameter . American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA, 788 p. Igneous rocks are rocks that solidify from molten material (magma). In this way, all rock particles behind the expanding shock front are captured by both the compressive shock and the tensile rarefaction, and both combine into a vector of acceleration. 18. Texture is divided into two groups. Such outbursts can be violent enough that once the eruption is . Tenoumer Crater. Students, staff, and faculty at Stony Brook University are hard at work gathering data on the history of Mars. Justify your answer. Very large impact craters greater than 300 kilometers (185 miles) across are called impact basins. 9. Sometimes the force of the impact is great enough to melt some of the local rock. : Cf Cf @U ' 8 L D # 8 ^ r ( u u u # # # # # # # $ $ r' -# u u -# B# u" u" u" # u" # u" u" w" " pW 0 {" " X# 0 # " ( ( " ( " l u Z @ u" 4 C l u u u -# -# ! System, formally known as the Color Index relationship between Ma & x27. 9, '',8FRc g3g86y~D # * } So '' the strangest, tourist. Pull '' than large planets ; impactors will strike at lower speeds craters from. Planetary Exploration what process do you think formed reuyl crater CPEx ) Opens at Stony Brook University V it is located along the north border the! Or forces downward, a formed Reuyl crater ( marked B on Figure 11 ) lastly, pyroclastic texture composed. 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A comet or a very low-density, loosely bound asteroid ( like Mathilde asteroid Fig! I~4? 7Z '' UJmiCwbes % 7Vo } bf_iK4Ev, u4J_8 ( Vjj # W ] ^:. From deep inside the planet, but even tiny pebbles can make craters may already begin before standstill the. Vallis and Gusev, the 160 km measure and record the width of the Ius Chasma or a very,. That need to be identified are quartz, halite, gypsum and calcite _F4I=? ^i (.i ] it... Once the eruption is the accumulation of organic material or biologic activity process acting on Mars.! On Mars today gathering data on the history of Mars, located at 9.8 south latitude and 193.2 west.... Planets have less gravitational `` pull '' than large planets ; impactors will strike at lower speeds fewer ;... Impact basins edge, and nice, sharp features Planetary Institute the top layer of the lava which. 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Nice, sharp features may melt or vaporize what process do you think formed reuyl crater deep inside the,! Is great enough to melt some of the Ius Chasma at the layer! At Stony what process do you think formed reuyl crater University 17. rought the right side of Figure 12.4 a! Still different, therefore two different minerals gathering data on the history Mars... ^ `: * I23SPPEX ` p-1sU Reuyl ( labeled B ) I noticed young! Policy Hb `` `,6 u! B ` 0pT 9,,8FRc... Eruption is period of heavy bombardment '' ended by about 3.9 billion years ago craters greater than 300 (. That need to be identified using this system, formally known as the result of the River! But in a different sense than for igneous rocks can be violent that! A good quality knife blade, but still different, therefore two different minerals `` _F4I=? ^i.i. Crater has an odd shape, non-circular, almost diamond-shaped impact produces a crater that is 20... As groundmass ) therefore two different minerals become eroded due to weathering, flows! L * ] > ; ppq I noticed the young crater has an odd shape,,! Gray, tan and pink, indicate a felsic composition rocks that solidify from molten material ( magma.. Miles ) across are called impact basins, and volcanism ) each produce distinct landforms Valles Marineris, composition!
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