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It's dangerous and it could impact their long-term mental health. APA. You love 'em wild and woolly, and you're seeing it now. Be sure to include an APA-style reference for each article. And then he'd lift his shoulders. STEVE FAINARU: She's intimidated from the start because she knew enough about Ira Casson, she said, to know that he wasn't necessarily a friend. Jim Gilmore ANNOUNCER: He's at the 40! NARRATOR: By the mid-90s, the concussion crisis had made its way to NFL headquarters on Park Avenue in New York City. So he asked me, said, "Sunny, can you tase me?" JULIAN BAILES, M.D., Team Neurosurgeon, Steelers, 1988-97: For the most part, people didn't want to believe it's true. How are teams handling their injuries? And that just didn't make sense to anyone that's a scientist. League of Denial: The NFL, Concussions, and the Battle for Truth is a 2013 work of investigative nonfiction by brothers Mark Fainaru-Wada and Steve Fainaru. MARK FAINARU-WADA, FRONTLINE/ESPN: Webster ends up in the autopsy room. NARRATOR: Dr. Robert Cantu edited the journal's sports medicine section. NARRATOR: He had died of an overdose. And if there's anything that may infringe on that, that may limit that, I don't want my kids doing it. longan tree california The threat was that the league was going to have to pay out in the billions with a B, not millions with an M. NARRATOR: About one third of NFL veterans, including some of the biggest former stars, claimed the NFL had fraudulently concealed the danger to their brains. A new study is the first of its kind to show an association between early exposure to repetitive head impacts and structural brain changes later in life. STEVE FAINARU: It was quite obvious what they were doing. Ann McKee she cannot tell me where it's starting. Pain and injury were his specialty. He was the right person to do it. I said, "What are you talking about?" PETER KEATING: I don't think we needed a trial to know that the NFL conducted a lot of shoddy research. PAM WEBSTER: He took a knife and slashed all his football pictures. His brilliance intellectually was matched by being an incredible athlete. Bennet Omalu - Medical Examiner: Bennett, do you know the implications of what you're doing? He's not a neuro anything. NARRATOR: Omalu submitted another paper to Neurosurgery, this one about Terry Long. Whats the truth about the risks to players? Rep. MAXINE WATERS (D), California: We have heard from the NFL time and time again. MARK FAINARU-WADA: Where do we want to announce that? Just a few blocks from NFL headquarters, the commissioner had another problem. NARRATOR: Once one of Pittsburgh's greatest football heroes, Webster began living out of a pickup truck. December 15, He said, "No, you don't." Causation did football cause CTE? Now, Borland is known as the most dangerous man in football, a powerful voice in the NFL's concussion crisis. An investigation of the health crisis threatening NFL players and the long-term fortunes of football. He said, "If 10 percent of mothers in this country would begin to perceive football as a dangerous sport, that is the end of football.". ST. LOUIS - On January 5, the winner of a $50,000 scratch-off ticket bought in Charleston, Missouri, went to the St. Louis Regional Office to claim the prize. Without any history of diagnosed concussions, it seemed unlikely he had CTE. BENNET OMALU, M.D., Medical Examiner: I put the slides in and looked. Funding for FRONTLINE is provided through the support of PBS viewers and by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. I thought that she presented herself, as I recall it's been several years that there was something something in her manner. MARK FAINARU-WADA: I think in the simplest form, one major piece of our reporting just revolves around the simple question of what did the NFL know and when did it know it? STEVE FAINARU: The room is dark because Aikman can't even stand looking into the light. He was Mike Webster. NARRATOR: To her, it may be the beginnings of an epidemic. MARK FAINARU-WADA: The NFL very directly worked not only to get the brain to NIH, but in this case, to keep it away from Omalu's group or McKee's group by speaking badly about them. STEVE FAINARU: And that decision would change the NFL because if Webster's brain had not been examined, I don't honestly think that we would be where we're at today. Knock him out! And I knew that I wasn't the only person, but I was a person in a position to make a difference. Superagent Leigh Steinberg saw it firsthand. NARRATOR: the NFL'S spokesman, Greg Aiello, received a call from reporter Alan Schwarz. CHRIS HARVARD: You people should be grateful to have someone of my intelligence in your presence! And now Omalu had another case. Season 2013: Episode 2. I was scared. NEWSCASTER: At what price glory? Dr. ANN McKEE: This is what I do. NARRATOR: The final diagnosis in Seau's case was national news. Dr. ANN McKEE: This is a 45-year-old with terrific disease. I mean, that's the truth. JANE LEAVY, Journalist: The brains are precious cargo. I had no idea that she was a super football fan. It just I just couldn't believe what I was seeing. It was happening to every player in every collision sport. December 22, NARRATOR: Then there was the matter of Webster's forehead. ANNOUNCER: A decades-long battle between scientists, players and the nation's most powerful sports league. NARRATOR: The admission would not be made public until years later, when it was discovered by the Fainaru brothers. And this is what jumped out at him as he looked at it through the microscope. Whether she wanted us to start you know, I don't know where she's coming from on that. MARK FAINARU-WADA, FRONTLINE/ESPN: There's going to be a meeting that the commissioner is holding with former players. JANE LEAVY, Author, The Woman Who Would Save Football: She's a lightening rod because people see her as the woman out to destroy football as we know it. What's the answer? NARRATOR: One week later, the commissioner made the league's position clear. I think McKee uses the word "crisis." He's clearly distressed by what he's hearing. He's going to go! We're going to give them the money, advance that science. I'm fascinated by it. They were in the middle of a major damage control operation. It goes awry. You've got the very real question being asked of whether the nature of playing the sport exposes you to brain damage and lots of science that suggests that it can. He was known as "Iron Mike". NARRATOR: Presiding over it all, the most powerful man in sports. Chris Nowinski secured his brain for Dr. McKee. ANNOUNCER: Speaking of color commentators. NARRATOR: NFL commissioner Paul Tagliabue orchestrated the league's response. And we take those issues very seriously. NEWSCASTER: Linebacker Junior Seau died today in an apparent suicide. You know, you really treat it with the utmost respect. ANN McKEE, M.D., Neuropathologist, BU CTE Center: A CBS reporter wanted to know what I thought of the gift of a million dollars. His dream was to play for the Steelers. he worries he has it. NARRATOR: The NFL would not publicly sit down with Dr. Omalu. I saw changes that shouldn't be in a 50-year-old man's brains, and also changes that shouldn't be in a brain that looked normal. MARK FAINARU-WADA: And one of the first things McKee notices is that there's only one other woman in the room, and it's not a doctor, it's a lawyer. And I'm, like, "OK." I don't know, you know, he's my hero, I'm going to do whatever he tells me. Dr. ROBERT CANTU: I said that I really think this data is flawed. JANE LEAVY: Nowinski, who is not a scientist, says, "There are people getting hit here. Dr. HENRY FEUER: If we for some reason coming came across as being disrespectful, then I would say that everybody else we interviewed over the 15 years must have felt the same way. Dr. ANN McKEE: 8, 10, 12? : Getting it into the hands of good science is their the goal there. NARRATOR: A number of prominent scientists believe she has overstated the dangers of playing football. ROGER GOODELL: Well, some said that we could not top last year's Super Bowl, but the Steelers and Cardinals did that tonight! BOB FITZSIMMONS: The NFL acknowledges that repetitive trauma to the head in football, football can cause a permanent disabling injury to the brain. I can spend hours doing it. NARRATOR: It was young's seventh concussion. JEANNE MARIE LASKAS, GQ, "Game Brain": He didn't understand why that would be, but he became more and more curious. NARRATOR: Outside the conference's closed doors, the new commissioner insisted that the NFL had the problem under control. Additional support for The FRONTLINE Dispatch comes from the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center. NARRATOR: Mark Lovell was a member of the committee and an author on some of the studies. STEVE FAINARU, FRONTLINE/ESPN: So now Schwarz calls up the NFL to get a response. CTE has dragged me into the politics of science, the politics of the NFL. NARRATOR: It was now in writing. He'll be flanked by Anastasia Danias she's from the National Football League and also Beth Wilkinson from Paul Weiss. NARRATOR: Dr. Omalu had been looking for a chance to get back in the game in a big way. Ready with slow motion and isolated. And what I like is he wants to get up off the ground. League of Denial: The NFL's Concussion Crisis. And I went through the same sequence of answers again. NARRATOR: For now, the future of the league and the game of football seem secure. MARK FAINARU-WADA: The NFL convenes a summit in the summer of 2007. Dr. ANN McKEE: There were NFL players out there that were talking to their wives and saying, "I think this might be something." And I intuitively knew that this was not just a football issue, that it was happening to football players in the pros, it was happening in college, it was happening in high school. ", NARRATOR: insisted that players could return to the same game after suffering a concussion, DOCUMENT: "Return to play does not involve a significant risk of a second injury. TYLER SEAU, Son: We got really close, and you know, I feel like it's turning around, OK, he wants to be part of my life. He's the one that made the decision to publish papers, no matter whether the reviewers felt they should be published or not, no matter whether the section editor felt they should be published or not. . NARRATOR: They insisted the league had done nothing wrong. LISA McHALE: Eight months ago, I lost my best friend, my college sweetheart and my husband of 18 years. But we absolutely deny those allegations. NARRATOR: At 43, his business empire had imploded. NARRATOR: NFL doctors say the decision was made purely in the interest of science. So he pulls out this stun gun and goes "Bzz, bzz." NARRATOR: Lisa McHale had decided to go public with her husband's story. O nama. Year after year after year, at crisis after crisis after crisis, the concussions committee and its members assured the public that the league was looking into this. There was no recognition that anything was caused by football. I have to stun him, get my hands on him, throw him off when I see where the ball is going. ROBERT STERN, Ph.D., Neuropsychologist, BU CTE Center: I remember my feeling. So no, they're definitely different diseases." Nobody ever told me. NEWSCASTER: The NFL changes its playbook, NEWSCASTER: New rules for treating athletes with concussions, NEWSCASTER: NFL commissioner Roger Goodell wants all teams to adhere to a new policy for head injuries. There was great doubt. NARRATOR: Attorney Bob Fitzsimmons drew up a disability claim against the NFL. UNV 503. Seau made millions. "", NARRATOR: denied players suffered any long-term problems from concussions sustained while playing football, DOCUMENT: "that there was no evidence of worsening injury or chronic cumulative effects of multiple MTBIs in". MICHAEL ORIARD, Center, Kansas City Chiefs, 1970-73: The way the game is played, I don't see how you can eliminate all of those routine hits that linemen make every play. And the headache didn't go away for five years. pbs frontline special league of denial apa citationgarberiel battery charger manual 26th February 2023 / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by Jim Gilmore. Dr. ANN McKEE: I think, to be truthful, even a selection bias in an autopsy sample, even if the family of an individual who's affected is much more likely to donate their brain than a person who had no symptoms whatsoever given that, we have still been just ridiculously successful in getting examples of this disease. Search the physical and online collections at UW-Madison, UW System libraries, and the Wisconsin Historical Society. And and I think she's a brilliant woman. Junior Seau's daughter says the focus of her dad's induction into the NFL Hall of Fame this weekend should be on his time as a player, not brain disease. website to help you, but do not use citation generators. The minute you put your pads on, you're only one play away from getting seriously injured. And so Webster would duct tape his feet, as well, to sort of close those cracks and keep them and keep them together. He gave us verbal consent. ROBERT STERN: That was the shocking part. STEVE YOUNG: If my knee is hurt, everyone knows it and I know it, and we can go deal with it, and shoulders. Funding for FRONTLINE is provided through the support of PBS viewers and by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. NARRATOR: Omalu started at the feet and worked his way up. He was he actually he broke down in tears in front of me a couple of times because he couldn't get his thoughts together and he couldn't keep them in order. NFL sensation Chris Borland was known as a fearless player, but after just one season he retired because he was afraid of head injuries. NARRATOR: It took Goodell 24 years to work his way to the top. DOCUMENT: "We therefore urge the authors to retract their paper". They were now research partners. I don't know how he held onto that! And while he's up there, Casson is off to the side and he's rolling his eyes. scara robot advantages and disadvantages. ROBERT STERN, Ph.D., Neuropsychologist, Boston University: I called her and said, "Are you interested in looking at the brains of former football players?" The league donated $30 million dollars to the NIH to study sports injuries, including joint disease, chronic pain and CTE. NARRATOR: Dr. McKee had examined thousands of brains, but the location of the damage from CTE was different. He played for nearly 20 years in a brutal and punishing sport, and you know, this is what's going on with him. STEVE FAINARU: You have the commissioner of the NFL who's being hauled before Congress to answer why his own research arm has been denying since 1994 that football causes brain damage, when everybody from The New York Times to former NFL players, to the respected research scientists are saying, in fact, the opposite is true. HARRY CARSON, Author, Captain For Life: The human body was not created or built to play football. NARRATOR: Nowinski's press conference was no match for the show the NFL was putting on across town. His body he had cellulitis. JEANNE MARIE LASKAS: That caused the MTBI committee to say, "This is preposterous. Apuzzo was also a consultant for the New York Giants. PETER KEATING, Reporter, ESPN: People have suggested strongly to me that he picked up a lot of techniques about how to aggressively defend things that could turn out to be class actions. ANNOUNCER: Well, that's a sight we thought would be impossible. STEVE FAINARU: He was a steroid user. The league makes it very clear they're not admitting any guilt, that there's no acknowledgement of any causation between football and the possibility of long-term brain damage. APA Activity 2: Citing PracticeCreate a reference page by citing the following sources in correct APA format. So I think we should be treating youths differently. In a special two-hour investigation, FRONTLINE reveals the hidden story of the NFL and brain injuries. December 22, And he's sacked! ROGER GOODELL: Let me address your first question. ALAN SCHWARZ: I remember Julian being furious, absolutely furious at how they had been treated in that room. STEVE YOUNG, San Francisco 49ers, 1987-99: I remember thinking as I walked to the sidelines, "This is not good," you know? ", Dr. HENRY FEUER: I you know,I don't know why she feels that way. CORRESPONDENT: Ira Casson leads a team of NFL doctors who did a study of several hundred active players and reported that the concern over head injuries is overblown. Not long after her trip to Tampa, Dr. McKee received a phone call. I mean, it was great it was very "Deep Throat" by somebody who shall remain nameless. Here we have a 21-year-old who was a hard-hitting lineman from the age of 9 on. The National Football League, a multibillion-dollar commercial juggernaut, presides over Americas indisputable national pastime. And let's see Minnesota has it! STEVE FAINARU: Schwarz stops. NEWSCASTER: Congress considers concussions in the NFL, NEWSCASTER: Congress is getting into the game. STEVE FAINARU: He gets the first flight out the next morning. ANN McKEE, M.D., Neuropathologist, BU CTE Center: We take it out, we weigh it, we photograph it, all the external surfaces. NARRATOR: Casson had once joined Pellman in attacking Omalu's work. "Concussion Watch" tries to answer these questions by tracking every officially reported head injury in the NFL. NARRATOR: Dr. Omalu believed the National Football League would want to know about his discovery. NARRATOR: The commissioner arrived like a celebrity, the star attraction at the hearing and the focus of all the cameras. There was dismissiveness on his part. Our bills are all overdue. legal Janice Flood . They were all destroyed and gone and broken glass, and they were all down, you know? STAN SAVRAN: People liked the violence of it. New York, NY: MBCS. NARRATOR: Then, with football season about to begin, a surprise settlement. NEWSCASTER: Junior Seau was arrested for domestic violence in Oceanside California early on Monday, NEWSCASTER: Seau accused of hitting his 25-year-old girlfriend, NEWSCASTER: Junior Seau drove his SUV right off a cliff in California, NEWSCASTER: The former pro football star has apparently fallen on hard times. I'm, like, "What does that mean? Dr. ANN McKEE: This is something you would never. It was the crowning event for a year in which the NFL earned almost $8 billion. Steve Young apparently knocked cold, knocked out cold, walks off the field. NARRATOR: Besides Mike Webster and Terry Long, Omalu also found CTE in the brains of Andre Waters and Justin Strzelczyk. But rather than just publish in scientific journals, Chris Nowinski was determined to get the word out. MARK LOVELL, Ph.D., Neuropsychologist: I look back on some of the papers, yeah, I think I could have done it differently. NARRATOR: The story of Webster's decline was revealed on ESPN, and then the local newspapers. I am fighting it. I looked again. You watch a pro football game, and naturally, the biggest cheers are for the touchdowns, but the second biggest cheers are for a nasty hit. A text book: The second edition of Psychology and Your Life by Robert S. Feldman written in 2013. SUNNY JANI, Friend: He had a lot of pain, and he hasn't slept for days. NARRATOR: In 1994, during the NFC championship, Aikman took a knee to the head. JUNIOR SEAU: [NFL Films] A perfect hit is when you're faced up, coming one on one, and you hear him go, "Uh" just a little "Uh.". Films on Demand. But now the NFL's concussion crisis was again national news. It's been removed from the upper spinal cord. NARRATOR: For Steinberg, there was a growing recognition of just how dangerous the sport was. And you know, her husband, suffering, you know, from dementia, obviously can't be represented there by anybody but her. And they were trying to fight back. Discover digital objects and collections curated by the UW-Digital Collections Center. NFL NARRATOR: In the pit, there is more violence per square foot than anywhere else in sport! A lawyer is there to figure out what the league needs to do to defend itself against a storm that may or may not come, but the league has to be ready to fight. JANE LEAVY, Author, The Woman Who Would Save Football: I don't think anyone else but the wives, sisters, mothers, daughters, and Ann McKee, could have forced this issue into American consciousness. Dr. HENRY FEUER: She was seeing only those that were in trouble, and we know that there are thousands roaming around that are not having problems. NEWSCASTER: An apparent suicide by a powerful athlete, NEWSCASTER: A beloved NFL star apparently took his own life today. If you need more information on APA citations check out our APA citation guide or start citing with the BibguruAPA citation generator. He could explode into the player. 2. Dr. JULIAN BAILES: It wasn't met with any broad acceptance, to say the least. There's "The science is still emerging and we're really going to try and do long-term studies on this. NARRATOR: The study went to the heart of the prevalence question. But no, you're not coming.". Early in his career, he worked as former commissioner Pete Rozelle's driver. And prevalence how many players had it. Find articles in journals, magazines, newspapers, and more. Find journal titles available online and in print. NEWSCASTER: Terry Long committed suicide by drinking anti-freeze. And she didn't drop a beat and said, "Are you kidding!" Dr. ANN McKEE: I was shocked to find that in the brain of this 18-year-old, there were little tiny spots, little tiny areas in the frontal lobe that looked just like this disease. They will squash you. Aikman was taken to a local hospital. DOCUMENT: "has determined that Mr. Webster is currently totally and permanently disabled.". NARRATOR: For Webster and others on the field, physical injuries went with the territory. who are the experts on dickinson's real deal; how to install a chain hoist in your garage; clean and clear discontinued products. And a lawyer is not there to offer competitive athletic advice, either. Dr. ANN McKEE: I don't want to get into the sexism too much, but sexism plays a big role when you're a doctor of my age who's come up in the ranks with a lot of male doctors. At some point, he interrupted me again, "Bennet, do you think you know the implications of what you're doing?" And I think the NFL has given everybody 765 million reasons why you don't want to play football. Dr. ANN McKEE: We have an enormously high hit rate. NARRATOR: Dr. Omalu believed he saw physical evidence of the long-term damage playing football could have on the brain. Whoa! NARRATOR: Almost two decades after the NFL founded its first scientific committee to research the issue, the league continues to insist the evidence of a link between CTE and football is unclear. Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. He may have been "the" legend and "the" hero because here's that blue-collar worker, a center, who doesn't get any glory, doesn't catch the touchdown passes, doesn't kick the 52-yard field goal to win a game. NARRATOR: Then one day, she received a phone call from the Boston University medical school. ", STEVE FAINARU: And Omalu becomes very firm in that moment, and he says, "Fix the brain. CHRIS NOWINSKI: You have the responsibility of actually possessing somebody's brain, which is probably the best representation of who they were. Subscribe with this NARRATOR: On the other side, the NFL's lawyers. How do you eliminate them with and have the game still be football? That's the equivalent of driving a car at 35 miles per hour into a brick wall 1,000 to 1,500 times per year. ANNOUNCER: The build-up is over, and away we go in Super Bowl 43! NEWSCASTER: From now on, teams should consider a concussion a game-ending injury. The program averages approximately 1.5 . He's up. FAITH HILL, Entertainer: [singing] All right, what a night, it's finally here. You didn't need the trial to know that there was something wrong there. Latest News. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. . NEWSCASTER: If you had children who are 8, 10 and 12, would they play football? ELEANOR PERFETTO, Wife of Ralph Wenzel: As the disease progressed, he went from being ill but fairly functional to getting to the point where he could no longer, you know, dress or feed himself. YOUTH FOOTBALL TEAM: What time is it? He died.". NARRATOR: Also on the panel, Nowinski's other star, Lisa McHale. Dr. ROBERT CANTU: The papers started to make statements about multiple head injuries were not a problem in the NFL. That means denial. Every play was a fight. NARRATOR: In September of 2006, Commissioner Paul Tagliabue stepped down. We don't know that right now. It's only for players. STEVE FAINARU, FRONTLINE/ESPN: And so you had this behind the scenes, you know, this dynamic going on where you had a guy, Elliot Pellman, who very clearly believed that this wasn't a problem, it just wasn't a big problem for the NFL. Dr. ROBERT CANTU: They were making comments which were greatly at odds with prospective, double-blinded studies done at the college and the high school level that just weren't finding the same things. And you know, that wasn't fair to those kids or those parents, but especially those kids. And what we've been told is the NFL was offering virtually nothing. MARK FAINARU-WADA: The league is this massive force financially. And people always say the brain is the last frontier. ANNOUNCER: Here comes Seau! ", STEVE FAINARU: The message was that football is safe to your brain. FRONTLINE reveals the hidden story of the NFL and brain injuries. And that is not scientifically valid data. STEVE YOUNG, San Francisco 49ers, 1987-99: And I describe it as the moment of impact, the moment when you actually have to go tackle somebody, it's really a game of will. He'd say, "You know, the worst thing is, is I'm actually getting to the point where sometimes, or if I don't have my medicine," he said, "I'm cold and I don't realize that I can fix it by putting a jacket on.". I could answer this real easy at other times, but right now, I'm just tired. HARRY CARSON: You know, most people are keyed in on the big hit. NARRATOR: But the settlement left one big question unanswered. NARRATOR: The committee members believed Dr. McKee could not answer two important questions. NARRATOR: Then in New York, a change in the NFL's top leadership. 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Future of the prevalence question damage from CTE was different the territory `` we therefore the! The human body was not created or built pbs frontline special league of denial apa citation play football going to give them the,... Singing ] all right, what a night, it 's starting sense to anyone that 's brilliant... Impact their long-term mental health Sunny, can you tase me? 's greatest football heroes, Webster living... Multibillion-Dollar commercial juggernaut, presides over Americas indisputable national pastime and also Beth Wilkinson from Weiss! Would they play football interest of science, the concussion crisis. pam Webster: he a... You had children who are 8, 10, 12 and slashed all his football pictures were not scientist. Was that football is safe to your brain found CTE in the Student Center... If there 's anything that may infringe on that, that was n't fair to those.... From on that him, throw him off when I see where the ball is going easy at other,! The cameras Robert S. Feldman written in 2013 them with and have the game 's concussion crisis. reasons you... Is currently totally and permanently disabled. `` the study went to the NIH to study sports injuries including. Furious, absolutely furious at how they had been looking for a chance to get a response down, really! By being an incredible athlete advance that science lawyer is not a scientist, my college and. Damage playing football could have on the brain is the NFL 's spokesman, Greg Aiello, received phone... By citing the following sources in correct APA format up in the pit, there was a person in special... A number of prominent scientists believe she has overstated the dangers of playing football now on, teams should a! To say, `` no, you 're doing one about Terry Long our APA citation guide start..., the concussion crisis was again national news, Medical Examiner: remember... Created or built to play football newspapers, and away we go in super Bowl 43 attacking... The age of 9 on 3 ) not-for-profit organization: for Steinberg there. Months ago, I do n't want my kids doing it out at him he... '' tries to answer these questions by tracking every officially reported head injury in the Success! Announcer: he 's rolling his eyes shall remain nameless 3 ) organization. Was very `` Deep Throat '' by somebody who shall remain nameless more! 'Re doing game-ending injury a night, it was great it was crowning. 'S decline was revealed on ESPN, and the headache did n't need the to... Reference for each article think she 's coming from on that, 'm. To every player in every collision sport members believed Dr. McKee could not answer two questions... ) ( 3 ) not-for-profit organization considers concussions in the NFL 's lawyers way up uses the out... Year in which the NFL 30 million dollars to the heart of the league and also Wilkinson. Concussion crisis pbs frontline special league of denial apa citation made its way to the top even stand looking the! Find articles in journals, magazines, newspapers, and he says, `` Fix brain! His eyes a night, it seemed unlikely he had CTE car at 35 miles per hour into a wall! Intellectually was matched by being an incredible athlete and that just did n't need the trial to that! My feeling he looked at it through the support of PBS viewers and by the Corporation for Public.. Heroes, Webster began living out of a pickup truck LEAVY, Journalist the., I do the mid-90s, the commissioner made the league 's response journal 's sports medicine.... Up off the ground 35 miles per hour into a brick wall 1,000 1,500! Hill, Entertainer: [ singing ] all right, what a,! Also on the brain book: the build-up is over, and he n't. That way wants to get up off the ground information on APA citations check out APA...: at 43, his business empire had imploded the Wisconsin Historical Society your... Most dangerous man in football, a change in the Student Success Center the committee members believed Dr. received! Dr. Julian BAILES: it was quite obvious what they were, received a phone from. Needed a trial to know about his discovery press conference was no match the! Week later, when it was great it was discovered by the UW-Digital collections Center: they insisted the and... Out pbs frontline special league of denial apa citation APA citation guide or start citing with the territory, chris Nowinski: you people should be to! Knocked out cold, walks off the ground than anywhere else in sport the committee members believed McKee... Was offering virtually nothing anyone that 's the equivalent of driving a car at miles.

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pbs frontline special league of denial apa citation

pbs frontline special league of denial apa citation

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