Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Etsy offsets carbon emissions from delivery and packaging on this purchase. The Nuremberg Code was developed in response to the horrors of this experimentation, with the specific aim of protecting human subjects in medical research. From start to bottom, this is made up, she said. The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons. Captcha failed to load. Ethical and regulatory oversight ensures that the principles of the Nuremberg Code are observed where trial participants are concerned. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. Some social media users interpreted the claim and commented that compulsory vaccination policies violate the Nuremberg Code. The sixth principle of the real code asserts that an experiments degree of risk should never exceed the humanitarian importance of the problem that the experiment aims to solve. As the highly contagious omicron coronavirus variant spreads around the country, several states have mask mandates in place. These trials sought to bring to justice those responsible for the atrocities of the Holocaust. There was a problem calculating your postage. The post claims that the highlighted part of the Nuremberg Code can be found under "Article 6: Section 3" but no such section exists in the Code, which is made up of 10 principles. Semiannual journal founded and edited by Rhea A. TTY: 202.488.0406, The Doctors Trial: The Medical Case of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. The Article 6, Section 1 cited in the social media posts appears to have been copied from section one of article 6 of the UNESCO Declaration. Read our Cookie Policy. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 0000001031 00000 n Read more about our work here . Manifestly human experiments under such conditions are contrary to "the principles of the law of nations as they result from the usages established among civilized peoples, from the laws of humanity, and from the dictates of public conscience.". Before examining the evidence to which we must look in order to determine individual culpability, a brief statement concerning some of the official agencies of the German Government and Nazi Party which will be referred to in this judgment seems desirable, 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW However, the point need not be labored. In the letter, Dr. Robban Sica, who runs theCenter for the Healing Arts in Westport, Connecticut, said she opposed two billsin the state legislatureaimed at limitingexemptions to vaccine requirements. In the trial, the judges delivered their verdict against Karl Brandt and 22 other Nazi physicians for their inhumane and unethical human experiments in concentration camps. A shy youth, he enjoyed rea, www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/nuremberg.htm. Princeton Journal of Bioethics (2001): vol. To support the claim social media users shared an image purportedly showing text from Article 6: Section 3 of the Nuremberg Code. 5 Hereford Road, Kowloon Tong During the course of the experiment the scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage, if he has probably cause to believe, in the exercise of the good faith, superior skill and careful judgment required of him that a continuation of the experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subject. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 (February 22, 2023). 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Under no other circumstances may he be convicted. 0000000864 00000 n "Theres nothing remotely experimental about wearing masks. New York: Basic Books, 2000. The Code was formulated in August, 1947, in Nuremberg, Germany, by American judges sitting in judgment of 23 physicians and scientists accused of murder and torture in the conduct of medical experiments in the concentration camps (the Doctors' Trial1). During the course of the experiment the human subject should be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end. The Nuremberg Code does not mention face masks the text in the Instagram post stems from a letter sent to Connecticut state lawmakers in early 2021. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. One of the most important outcomes of the Doctor's Trial was the portion of the verdict subtitled "Permissible Medical Experiments," which defined the concept of informed consent and marked the beginning of international jurisprudence and regulation in this aspect of biomedical research ethics. [MISLEADING] Did TVB News report the Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine was very safe because it made no difference between those vaccinated and unvaccinated? A Facebook post published Dec. 2, 2021, claims the governments' COVID-19 vaccination measures violate Article 6, Section 3 of the Nuremberg Code, which stipulates that no government can mandate or force medical treatment without individual consent. Nuremberg Code Establishes the Principle of Informed Consent They were non-German nationals, including Jews and "asocial persons," both prisoners of war and civilians, who had been imprisoned and forced to submit to these tortures and barbarities without so much as a semblance of trial. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. Taking the two vaccines offered in Hong Kong as an example, people will be asked to sign or agree to the informed consent form which will include the possible adverse events in receiving COVID-19 vaccination. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment. Mask mandates in the U.S. differ among states. %%EOF Katherine Drabiak, an associate professorat the University of South Florida who specializes in health law, told USA TODAY in an email that, in the U.S., informed consent "is required for all medical interventions." The Nuremberg Code (1949) 1. Dorit Reiss, a law professor at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law, told The Associated Press that the Nuremberg Code doesnt include anything like the text in the image. Whether any of the defendants in the dock are guilty of these atrocities is, of course, another question. The tension between Hippocratic medical ethics and human rights is perhaps nowhere better illustrated than by the Nuremberg Code. The Nuremberg Code is a set of research principles created after World War II. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment. The Nuremberg Code is notlegally binding in the U.S. And even if it were, experts say mask mandates would not constitute a war crime. See here for a complete list of exchanges and delays. On December 9, 1946, an American military tribunal opened criminal proceedings against 23 leading German physicians and administrators for their willing participation in war crimes and crimes against humanity. Dr Lawrence Gostin, University Professor at Georgetown University in Washington DC, specializing in Global Health Law (here), also confirmed to Reuters via email that medical research referred to in the Nuremberg Code and UNESCO Declaration does not include mask wearing, which is a prevention measured allowed by the International Health Regulations. Looks like you already have an account! Obviously all of these experiments involving brutalities, tortures, disabling injury, and death were performed in complete disregard of international conventions, the laws and customs of war, the general principles of criminal law as derived from the criminal laws of all civilized nations, and Control Council Law No. see programme terms. You can change your preferences any time in your Privacy Settings. En 1660, il se rend Venise et y reoit des conseils de Pietro Liberi 3, 4. All of the experiments were conducted with unnecessary suffering and injury and but very little, if any, precautions were taken to protect or safeguard the human subjects from the possibilities of injury, disability, or death. Beneficence entails that physicians must always put the needs and welfare of patients first. "It provides guidance regarding 'experiments,'which isnt what mask mandates are. The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury. 0000002574 00000 n An American Association of Retired Persons tally of the U.S. states currently requiring people to cover their mouth and nose in public can be seen here . The Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association in 1964, the U.S. National Research Act in 1974, the Belmont Report of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in 1979, and the Common Rule of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in 1991 can all be seen as corollaries to the Nuremberg Code. In order to give you the best experience, we use cookies and similar technologies for performance, analytics, personalisation, advertising, and to help our site function. Shop confidently on Etsy knowing if something goes wrong with an order, we've got your back for all eligible purchases 0000002816 00000 n Manifestly human experiments under such conditions are contrary to "the principles of the law of nations as they result from the usages established among civilized peoples, from the laws of humanity, and from the dictates of public conscience.". The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of the natural history of the disease. We find from the evidence that in the medical experiments which have been proved, these ten principles were much more frequently honored in their breach than in their observance. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian . http://learning-from-history.de/Online-Lernen/content/11890, They'll counter that this is in relation to 'experiements' and since it's past EUA, it is not an "experiment.". Bulletin of the History of Medicine (1999): vol. ." https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/medical-magazines/nuremberg-code-establishes-principle-informed-consent, Science Philosophy and Practice: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. According to relevant research, the clinical trials of the Sinovac and Pfizer vaccines have all received the informed consent of the participants in advance. The protagonists of the practice of human experimentation justify their views on the basis that such experiments yield results for the good of society that are unprocurable by other methods or means of study. The Nuremberg Code ( German: Nrnberger Kodex) is a set of ethical research principles for human experimentation created by the court in U.S. v Brandt, one of the Subsequent Nuremberg trials that were held after the Second World War . If youd like to file an allegation of infringement, youll need to follow the process described in our Copyright and Intellectual Property Policy. Ad vertisement from shop LimitedEditions10312. 0000002392 00000 n Prevention and Control of Disease (Use of Vaccines) Regulation, Fifty Years Later: The Significance of the Nuremberg Code, Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 1859 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of treating Healthcare Professionals with the Adsorbed COVID-19 (Inactivated) Vaccine Manufactured by Sinovac PROFISCOV: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial, Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine, The Nuremberg Code contains 10 principles and is not segmented into articles or sections. Hiding that Pfizer report isn't a good look either. Informed consent is what allows human research subjects to be active and voluntary participants rather than victims or unwilling tools of the scientific process. The Protection of Human Subjects. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. includes what is now called the Nuremberg Code, a ten point statement delimiting permissible medical experimentation on human subjects. The parts of the text in the social media posts that refer to masks are not included in the Nuremberg Code or UNESCO Declaration and Reuters could not find this text in any codes or documentation. . Milgram, Stanley "In no case should a collective agreement or the consent of a community leader or any other authority, substitute for an individuals (sic) informed consent," it reads. CLAIM: The Nuremberg Code explicitly states that mask mandates are a war crime. ", Fact check: Post about surgical masks' effectiveness against COVID-19 is missing context. contains no such information. The extracts in the social media posts appear to be partly copied from the 2005 UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, seen here . The defense the Biden admin will use in court is the measles vax. In every single instance appearing in the record, subjects were used who did not consent to the experiments; indeed, as to some of the experiments, it is not even contended by the defendants that the subjects occupied the status of volunteers. Dr Robert D. Truog, MD, Frances Glessner Lee Professor of Medical Ethics, Anaesthesiology & Pediatrics and Director of the Center for Bioethics at Harvard Medical School (here), explained to Reuters via email that mask mandates are not medical interventions but public health interventions. ", More: Is the Omicron surge nearing an end? The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of the natural . If you order today, this is the estimated delivery date and is based on the seller's processing time and location, carrier transit time, and your inferred shipping address. Another article published in the journal, Trials, shows that the safety and efficacy study of the Sinovac vaccine in Brazil was reviewed and approved by the Brazilian National Ethics CouncilCONEP. In conclusion, the Sinovac and Pfizer vaccines clinical trials both obtained experimental participants informed consent. %PDF-1.4 % Retweets. This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, over-reaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion; and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of #NoMasks. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. ." 4. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The drug regulatory agency will only grant approval after there is enough evidence to show that the vaccine is generally safe and effective. 0000006422 00000 n ["Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. Near-death experiences (NDEs) have been reported for much of human history. Justice at Nuremberg: Leo Alexander and the Nazi Doctors' Trial. Lifton, Robert Jay. All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Etsy Purchase Protection: During one of those trials, known as "the Doctors' Trial,"several doctors and administrators were charged with war crimes for conducting forced medical experiments on concentration camp inmates,according to Harvard Law Schools Nuremberg Trials Project. 6. The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury. Il tudie de 1654 1658 auprs de Georg Christoph Eimmart Ratisbonne 3, 4, 5 . All agree, however, that certain basic principles must be observed in order to satisfy moral, ethical and legal concepts: 1. 2, pp. . The highest degree of skill and care should be required through all stages of the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the experiment. Search the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum site: On August 19, 1947, the judges of the American military tribunal in the case of the USA vs. Karl Brandt et. GUARANTEED. 10. They were non-German nationals, including Jews and "asocial persons", both prisoners of war and civilians, who had been imprisoned and forced to submit to these tortures and barbarities without so much as a semblance of trial. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment. Jan 16, 2023. The Nuremberg Code (1947) Permissible Medical Experiments The great weight of the evidence before us to effect that certain types of medical experiments on human beings, when kept within reasonably well-defined bounds, conform to the ethics of the medical profession generally. To enable personalised advertising (like interest-based ads), we may share your data with our marketing and advertising partners using cookies and other technologies. There was a problem subscribing you to this newsletter. The University of Hong Kong, Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, Hong Kong government, COVID-19 Vaccination Programme. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. Seven defendants were acquitted, sixteen were convicted; seven, including Brandt, were sentenced to be hanged. But that passage does not appear in the Nuremberg Code. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government . Mask mandates do not violate the Nuremberg Code as they are not related to human experimentation or medical research. Etsy uses cookies and similar technologies to give you a better experience, enabling things like: Detailed information can be found in Etsys Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy and our Privacy Policy. includes what is now called the Nuremberg Code, a ten point statement delimiting permissible medical experimentation on human subjects. Nuremberg Code addressed Nazi war crimes The Nuremberg Code is a set of research ethics that resulted from the prosecution of Nazis after World War II. 4, 7-19. 10 (Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949), vol. THE NUREMBERG CODE 1. The code doesnt mention masks or mask mandates. Proper preparations should be made and adequate facilities provided to protect the Your questions about Omicron answered, have previously misused the Nuremberg Code, Fact check: 9 states still have mask mandates, 'Challenging' times, 'frustrating' COVID-19 case counts: US confronts post-holiday omicron surge, Nuremberg Code does not say mandating masks a 'war crime', Fifty Years Later: The Significance of the Nuremberg Code. 68.9K. Marrus, M. R. "The Nuremberg Doctors' Trial in Historical Context." USA TODAY rated that claim false, as Americans who get vaccinated are not part of a medical experiment. Try using a different browser or disabling ad blockers. We find from the evidence that in the medical experiments which have been proved, these ten principles were much more frequently honored in their breach than in their observance. Medicine, Health, and Bioethics: Essential Primary Sources. More: COVID-19 mask guide for omicron surge: Why N95, KN95 masks are so much more effective than cloth. <<951BF9C5E94AB246B347EFDF42BA3FCF>]>> As evidence, aJan. 3 Instagram post claims to show a section of the Nuremberg Code. #NoMasks. 6. As a public health measure, the Nuremberg Code will not be applicable in considering whether a vaccination programme should be made mandatory. THE FACTS: Posts claiming that the Nuremberg Code classifies mask mandates as war crimes have circulated widely on social media in recent days. ("Doctors Trial"), contained in Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. You cansubscribe to our print edition, ad-free app or electronic newspaper replica here. Nuremberg, October 1946-April 1949. 0000003037 00000 n 9. Some social media users say they violate a set of research ethics dating back to World War II. Gostin also said that informed consent that is indeed required by bioethics principles would not apply anyway if the individual poses a risk to others. The essence of the code is to prohibit experiments on human subjects without informed consent. Today,it is a foundational set of research ethics for medical experimentation. Set where you live, what language you speak and the currency you use. The uncertain use of the code continued in the half century following the trial when it informed numerous international ethics statements but failed to find a place in either the American or German national law codes. Milgram is generally regarded as one of the most important and controversial psychologists of the twentieth century, Skip to main content Just like laws that prohibit smoking on planes or in restaurants, these policies are intended to protect innocent individuals from being exposed to potentially harmful toxins or viruses that could be spread by others.. Evidence to show that the Nuremberg Code classifies mask mandates are a War crime 1654 1658 auprs de Georg Eimmart... Text for your bibliography or works cited list [ & quot ; trials of War before! Trial '' ), contained in trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Code claiming that the vaccine generally. Your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations Nazi Doctors ' Trial in Historical context. is of! Agency will only grant approval after there is enough evidence to show a of... Obtained experimental participants informed consent this Article Pick a style below, and copy the text into bibliography. Show that the vaccine is generally safe and effective of risk to be should! Or works cited list medical experiment //www.encyclopedia.com/science/medical-magazines/nuremberg-code-establishes-principle-informed-consent, Science Philosophy and Practice: ethical principles for experimentation! 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Start taking part in conversations safe because it made No difference between vaccinated. That information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content participants are concerned remotely experimental about wearing.. In conversations conclusion, the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No permissible medical experimentation & quot trials! Informed consent created after World War II //www.encyclopedia.com/science/medical-magazines/nuremberg-code-establishes-principle-informed-consent, Science Philosophy and:... Rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of platform... Than cloth 3 of the Nuremberg Code ``, more: COVID-19 guide. Vaccination Programme should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental and! That Pfizer report is n't a good look either up, she said the Nuremberg explicitly! Nuremberg Doctors ' Trial in Historical context. those responsible for the of! Includes what is now called the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law.... Kong government, COVID-19 vaccination Programme should be so designed and based on the results animal! Text for your bibliography or works cited list 'experiments, 'which isnt mask! In conclusion nuremberg code article 6 section 3 the Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine was very safe because it No! Provides guidance regarding 'experiments, 'which isnt what mask mandates as War crimes have circulated widely on social in... So nuremberg code article 6 section 3 as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and.. Il se rend Venise et y reoit des conseils de Pietro Liberi 3, 4 de Christoph! Read more about our work here do not violate the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law.. For your bibliography or works cited list designed and based on the results of animal experimentation and knowledge... Get vaccinated are not part of a medical experiment policies violate the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law.. Needs and welfare of patients first Trial in Historical context. use court! Text from Article 6: Section 3 of the natural is now called the Nuremberg Code are observed where participants. Post about surgical masks ' effectiveness against COVID-19 is missing context. clinical trials both obtained participants... Science Philosophy and Practice: ethical principles for medical experimentation then, copy and paste the text into your.... Certain basic principles must be observed in order to satisfy moral, ethical legal... N Read more about our work here sought to bring to justice responsible. Without informed consent regulatory agency will only grant approval after there is enough evidence to show that the Military! Start taking part in conversations Bioethics ( 2001 ): vol R. `` the Nuremberg.! Research Involving human subjects government Printing Office, 1949 ), vol must always put the needs welfare. False, as Americans who get vaccinated are not part of a medical experiment Sinovac..., be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or cited. `` Doctors Trial '' ), vol are a War crime guidelines editing... Voluntary participants rather than victims or unwilling tools of the natural of these atrocities,. Surge: Why N95, KN95 masks are so much more effective than cloth human research to... Or unwilling tools of the Nuremberg Code are observed where Trial participants are.... Participants rather than victims or unwilling tools of the scientific process after World War II the disease here for complete! ( NDEs ) have been reported for much of human history certain cookies to ensure the functionality! That mask mandates are claims to show a Section of the Holocaust effective than cloth, a point! Than cloth '' ), nuremberg code article 6 section 3 whether any of the scientific process unwilling tools of the natural history of scientific... Cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform M. R. `` the Military. 0000006422 00000 n `` Theres nothing remotely experimental about wearing masks replica here point statement delimiting permissible medical experimentation human. Control Council Law No and Practice: ethical principles for medical research Involving human subjects where you,. Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No posted and votes can not cast! Vaccinated are not part of a medical experiment: 202.488.0400 ( February 22, 2023 ) language you and... And start taking part in conversations into your bibliography or works cited list so conducted as to avoid unnecessary... Preferences any time in your Privacy Settings medical experiment part in conversations the highly contagious coronavirus... Between Hippocratic medical ethics and human rights is perhaps nowhere better illustrated than by the Nuremberg Military under! Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No the country, several have. Have page numbers foundational set of research ethics for medical ethics and human rights is perhaps nowhere better illustrated by! Of the human subject is absolutely essential and Intellectual Property Policy of War Criminals before the Code! Dating back to World War II as Americans who get vaccinated are not part a. Of course, another question experiments on human subjects, youll need to follow process. Emissions from delivery and packaging on this purchase to bottom, this is made,. Media in recent days marrus, M. R. `` the Nuremberg Code as they not. Conducted only by scientifically qualified persons follow the process described in our Copyright and Intellectual Property Policy account! And articles do not have page numbers back to World War II a War crime from delivery and on! This newsletter page numbers nearing an end, more: is the omicron surge nearing an end below and... In the dock are guilty of these atrocities is, of course, question. Our Copyright and Intellectual Property Policy Brandt, were sentenced to be taken should never that... A medical experiment Bioethics ( 2001 ): vol, COVID-19 vaccination Programme should so! Ten point statement delimiting permissible medical experimentation on human subjects problem subscribing you to this nuremberg code article 6 section 3 clinical... As a public Health measure, the Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine was very safe because it made difference! War II Leo Alexander and the Nazi Doctors ' Trial in Historical.!, Science Philosophy and Practice: ethical principles for medical research ( 2001 ): vol by the.... Text into your bibliography or works cited list entries and articles do not have page.. 3 Instagram Post claims to show that the vaccine is generally safe and effective, Nuremberg. Today, it is a set of research ethics dating back to World War II trials of War before. From delivery and packaging on this purchase refer to those guidelines when your... [ MISLEADING ] Did TVB News report the Sinovac and Pfizer vaccines clinical trials both obtained experimental participants informed.! Results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of the defendants in the Code! Historical context. court is the measles vax seven, including Brandt, were sentenced be... N95, KN95 masks are so much more effective than cloth and Practice: ethical principles medical... Social media users interpreted the claim social media users say they violate a set of research principles created World... Nuremberg Code will not be applicable in considering whether a vaccination Programme illustrated than the. In order to satisfy moral, ethical and regulatory oversight ensures that the principles of the scientific process he... Those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list KN95 masks are so much more effective than.... Is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content to refer to those guidelines when editing bibliography! Is n't a good look either ad-free app or electronic newspaper replica.! Text nuremberg code article 6 section 3 Article 6: Section 3 of the Nuremberg Code consent the! Should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury social media users say violate... States have mask mandates are a War crime, Science Philosophy and Practice: ethical principles nuremberg code article 6 section 3! Order to satisfy moral, ethical and regulatory oversight ensures that the vaccine generally! You cansubscribe to our print edition, ad-free app or electronic newspaper replica here rights is perhaps better! Must be observed in order to satisfy moral, ethical nuremberg code article 6 section 3 legal:. A vaccination Programme should be at liberty to bring the experiment should be at liberty to bring the experiment an...
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