135-155 Hamilton Asia DS338 .F78 2001, Hazra, Kanai Lal (1982), History of Theravada Buddhism in South-east Asia: with special reference to India and Ceylon New DelhI: Munshiram Manoharlal, 226p Hamilton Asia BQ7170 .H38 1982, Hazra, Kanai Lal (1986), The Buddhist annals and chronicles of South-East Asia, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 123p Hamilton Asia BQ280 .H39 1986, Holt, John Clifford, Jacob N. Kinnard, Jonathan S. Walters (eds) (2003), Constituting communities : Theravada Buddhism and the religious cultures of South and Southeast Asia /Albany : State University of New York Press Hamilton Asia BQ4570.S6 C66 2003, Kammerer, Cornelia Ann; Tannenbaum, Nicola, eds. Longmans, Green & co., ltd Hamilton BL1445.B95 A6, Aye Kyaw, U (1994), Religion and family law in Burma, In: Gartner, Uta; Lorenz, Jens, eds. According to the local Mon and Burman traditions, this is Suvarnabhumi, the area visited by missionaries from the Ashokan court. There are some early literary collections, the Thergtha hymns, and later writings, but there were few women writers. Buddhism in South-east Asia : mainly based on epigraphic sources / Calcutta : Atisha Memorial Pub. (1991), Text, temple and tirtha, In: Lokesh Chandra, ed. Buddhist monastic life is considered a liberation from mental and physical bondage and conducive to religious development. Starting shortly after the beginning of the Common Era, in the Later Han Dynasty, monasteries developed to become an essential part of Chinese society. The history of women in Buddhist monasticism is varied. These Buddhist wandering mendicants practiced firm renunciation of worldly concerns. Tradition and modernity in Myanmar: proceedings of an international conference held in Berlin from May 7th to May 9th, 1993. Cao Dai propounded an eclectic theology, with a pope and such heterogeneous patron saints as the 19th-century French novelist Victor Hugo, the World War II British prime minister Winston Churchill, and the Buddha. Mahyna Buddhism developed soon after the early schisms, and new theories, rituals, literature, and engagement with lay society were accommodated by and institutionalized in Buddhist monasteries. ." The peoples of Southeast Asia have not been mere satellites of the more powerful Indian and Chinese civilizations. Toward an environmental ethic in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1993. 308p. Honolulu, 1997. A study of Buddhist doctrines and monastic codes. Royal support also brought the kings legitimacy and provided lay and monastic communities education, medical and hospice care, and religious services. Toward an environmental ethic in Southeast Asia. Hamilton Asia BQ410. Monasteries spread with official support in Mgadha, Bihar, r Lak, and Southeast Asia in the early years after Buddha's death. Women did not have the educational opportunities that were available for men, but they were able to engage in Buddhist meditations and rituals in celibate monastic institutions. With annotations. For most beings, nirvana lies in the distant future, because Buddhism, like other faiths of India, believes in a cycle of rebirth. In later northern Buddhism (i.e., Mahayana), the role of the historical Buddha was reduced, and the order (sangha) acquired an even more exalted position. Vajrayana Buddhism is most closely identified with Tibetan Buddhism, however, it also influenced parts of Southeast Asia and East Asia. Ethnic minoritiessuch as the Chin, Kachin, Karin, and Rohingyainclude significant populations of Christians and Muslims. The Sikh monastic Nirmal-akhada and the quasi-monastic Nihang Sahibs came to terms with the overall Indian tendency to establish monastic traditions that express full-time involvement in redemptive practice. de Casparis. Furthermore, images of the Dpankara Buddha were found in diverse sites in eastern Java, some of these elements belong to the Indian Amaravati and Gupta Schools of Art. Monasticism, and its special relationship with political authority, was present in all of its support cultures. Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA 2001 83-91 Hamilton Asia DS338 .F78 2001, Fontein, Jan (1982), Notes on the jatakas and avadanas of Barabudur, In: Gomez, Luis; Woodward, Hiram W. Jr., eds. The term Confucianism is derived from Confucius, the convention, Tantra In Tibet, monasteries were often seats of religious and lay power. Two late 20th-century Buddhist groups, Santi Asoke (founded 1975) and Dhammakaya, are especially interesting. Rather, the ultimate aim of the Daoist practitioner is longevity or ultimate physical immortality. 276p. In addition to endowments and donations, monasteries and individual monks were sometimes given, often via intermediaries, profit-making farms, farmlands, and livestock. Berkeley, CA: Asian Humanities Press, 1981. Berkeley, CA: Asian Humanities Press, 1981. v.2, 299-303 Hamilton Asia DS528.5 .T74 1994, Pecenko, Primoz (1999), The Tikas on the four Nikayas and their Myanmar and Sinhala sources, In: Papers from the Myanmar Two Millennia Conference, Yangoon [sic], Myanmar, December 15-17, 1999. Phra Dhammapitaka (Bhikkhu P.A. Founded in 1926 in opposition to French colonial rule, they maintained a military organization and their own army regulars from 1943 to the mid-1950s. Encyclopedia.com. The number of vows nuns must keep is larger than that for men, and there are specific rules that establish the subordinate status of nuns. In most of Malaysia and Indonesia, however, both Hinduism and Buddhism were replaced by Islam, which remains the dominant religion in the area. The chief object of Daoism, however, is not redemption or salvation, at least as those goals are interpreted in other scripturally based religions. 47: 35-41. 1999 104-112 Hamilton Asia PL493 .I58 1997, Quinn, Charles Underhill (Translated) (1970) The cross and the Bo-tree; Catholics and Buddhists in Vietnam. While Buddhism had a political role in China in giving legitimacy to rulers, this was much more. Developments during the Tang dynasty (618907), Tibet, Mongolia, and the Himalayan kingdoms, The Buddha: divinization and multiplicity, Sa-skya-pa, Bka-brgyud-pa, and related schools, Mythic figures in the Three Worlds cosmology. 1997 71-78 Hamilton Asia NB1015 .S36 1997, Pou, Saveros (1998), Ancient Cambodia's epigraphy: the concept of merit-making and merit-offering In: Manguin, Pierre-Yves, ed. 2 . However, it is also true that women in Asian Buddhist cultures had extensive and important roles in local communities in addition to positive, historical human and divine role models. Within these growing trade route networks, Buddhism started its development from the Indian Subcontinent, and reached other regions along the Silk Roads. Pla era kings especially established and legitimized their imperial rule by resorting to Buddhist religious models and extensive support of Buddhist monasteries. International Seminar for UNESCO Integral Study of the Silk Roads: Roads of Dialogue. Researches in Indian history, archaeology, art and religion: Prof. Upendra Thakur felicitation volume. Contemporary Laos: studies in the politics and society of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. The Southeast Asian kingdom has some 40,000 Buddhist temples and almost 300,000 monks. Nland Monastery in Bihar, for example, was known throughout classical Asia and was a source of doctrine and monasticism for important Southeast Asian communities. The clergy was divided between those who were highborn and Sinicized and those in the lower ranks who often were active in peasant uprisings. The Vinaya monastic literature records that early monks and nuns wandered from place to place, even through the rainy season. Sikhism, founded by the Punjabi reformer Nanak, was the least sympathetic of all indigenous Indian religions to monastic inspirations. Buddhism, like most Indian systems of thought, sees the world as a realm of transmigration, or reincarnation ( samsara ), from which one may escape by attaining nirvana. The list of ten points includes rather trivial matters, and it is probable that these were in themselves indicators of larger issues. Montreal: Canadian Council for Southeast Asian Studies; Toronto: Museum for Textiles, 1994. Because Buddhist monasteries enjoyed popular support and often wielded political power, Buddhism was sometimes criticized and even persecuted or regulated by lay authorities. *Sinhala monarchies refers to the kings of Sri Lanka. The ways to neibban, and Notice on the phongyies, or Burmese monks Rangoon, American Mission Press Hamilton BL1445.B95 B5, Bisch, Jorgen (1997), A Dane becomes a novice monk, In: Abbott, Gerry, ed. (Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica Series no.207) 2001 120-126 Hamilton Asia BQ408 .B83. The recitation meetings were not a Buddhist innovation; other Indian religious groups kept the ancient Vedic tradition of meeting on the days of the full and new moon, a practice common to religions of that era, Buddhist and non-Buddhist. Texts and contexts: interactions between literature and culture in Southeast Asia. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. 366p. Differences in living style between the northern (Mahayana, or Greater Vehicle) and the southern (Theravada, called Hinayana, or Lesser Vehicle, in derogation) monastic institutions are quite radical. Monasteries also increased their wealth and political power. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press, Hamilton Asia BQ6160.B93 M46, Okudaira, Ryudi (1996), A hypothetical analysis on 'Therada Buddhist state at its height' under King Badon with special reference to Manugye Dhammathat (1782 manuscript), In: Traditions in current perspective: proceedings of the Conference on Myanmar and Southeast Asian Studies, 15-17 November 1995, Yangon. 308p. Hamilton Asia DU1 .P13Pacific Quarterly of Cultural and Social Affairs (Seoul) Hamilton Asia DS1 .A47345Prabuddha Bharata (Calcutta) Hamilton Asia BL1100 .P7Policy Sciences (Amsterdam) Hamilton Main H1 .P7Religion (Newcastle, England) , Hamilton Main BL1 .R37Visakha Puja Hamilton Asia BL1400 .V5Sarawak Museum Journal (Kuching) Hamilton Asia DS646.36 .A35Sawaddi. The original stupas contained the Buddha's ashes. Discipline: The Canonical Buddhism of the Vinayapitaka. These meetings were either concerned with ten points of monastic discipline or with five points of doctrine attributed to one Mahdeva. 220p. Hinayana and Mahayana traditions spread into the two Indianized states, Funan (founded during the 1st century ce) and Champa (founded 192 ce). Though restricted at various times by adverse sociological, economic, and political conditions, Buddhist monasteries were centers for teaching and learning, for medical study and practice, and for elaboration of Buddhist doctrines and associated rituals. It demonstrates the reasons and methods of the initial spread of the doctrine within South Asia and from South Asia to Han and post-Han China. Sculpture of Angkor and ancient Cambodia: millenium of glory. PARSIS (Prsis, also rendered as Parsees), "Persians," or Zoroastrians, from Iran who settled in the Indian subcontinent during the tenth cent, FOUNDED: c. 1050256 b.c.e. In India monasticism survived and grew with local political support, especially under the Mauryan king Aoka (c. 269236 bce). Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam, UNESCO applies a zero tolerance policy against all forms of harassment, Building peace in the minds of men and women, Youth Eyes on the Silk Roads Photo Contest, The International Network of Focal Points for the Silk Roads Programme, Thematic Collection of the Cultural Exchanges along the Silk Roads, World Natural Heritage, Biosphere Reserves and Geoparks. Buddhism, and specifically the interests of Buddhist monasteries, became factors in national policymaking. During the modern period Mahayana traditions in northern and central Vietnam have coexisted with Theravada traditions from Cambodia in the south. 14-30 Hamilton Asia Folio GE42 .T69 1998, Gombrich, Richard F. (1989), Buddhist cultic life in Southeast Asia, In: Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo; Cummings, Mark D., eds. 220p18-26 Hamilton Asia BZ 911210.61, Wayman, Alex (1982), Reflections on the theory of Barabudur as a mandala,In: Gomez, Luis; Woodward, Hiram W. Jr., eds. Bodhgaya: the site of enlightenment. Since Buddhist monks used to travel with merchants, maritime trade relations between South and Southeast Asia played a major role for the expansion of Buddhism into the latter region. 183p. 3, pp. An equal opportunity/affirmative action institution. Historically, Mahyna Buddhism had a prominent position in this region, but in modern times most countries follow the Theravda tradition. Pub., 33-42 Hamilton Asia BQ266 .I57 1976, Bigandet Paul Ambroise (1866), The life, or legend, of Guadama, the Buddha of the Burmese. Commitment to, or at least proximity to, religious mysteries brought social and political status, and for this reason monks and nuns gained prestige and power in their support communities. If Upli should learn money-changing his eyes will become painful. Now if Upli should go forth among the recluses, the sons of the kyans, so would Upli, after our demise, live at ease and not be in want." Monasticism flourished in Northwest India under the Ka kings, and as time went on Buddhist monasticism spread along the central Asian trade routes into China, Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, and Tibet. Berkeley, CA: Asian Humanities Press, 1981. The Origins of Buddhist Monastic Codes in China: An Annoted Translation and Study of the Chanyuan qinggui. A second area of Buddhist expansion in Southeast Asia extends from Myanmar in the north and west to the Mekong delta in the south and east. The sequence, chronology, specific philosophical positions, and importance of the specific points are uncertain, but nonetheless the matters involved monastic life. Hamilton Asia DS561 .S29Senri ethnological studies Kauai CC GN303 .S47Sinlapakon (Bangkok) Sinclair Main N8 .S55Social Scientist (New Delhi) Hamilton Asia HN681 .S597Solidarity (Manila) Hamilton Asia DS651 .S6Sojourn: Social Issues in Southeast Asia (Singapore) Hamilton Asia HN690.8 .A55South East Asian Review (Bihar, India) Hamilton Asia DS501 .S756SPAFA Digest: Journal of SEAMO Project in Archaeology and Fine Arts (Bangkok) Hamilton Asia CC1 .S732South East Asia Research (London) Hamilton Asia DS520 .S63Tai Culture: International Review on Tai Cultural Studies (Berlin)Thai Journal of Development Administration Hamilton Asia JA26 .W37Taoist Resources (Bloomington, IN) Hamilton Asia BL1899 .T36Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan (Tokyo) Hamilton Asia AS552 .Y8Warasan Samnakngan Khana Kammakan Wichai hng Chat = Journal of the National Research Council of Thailand. Self and biography: essays on the individual and society in Asia. Tradition and modernity in Myanmar: proceedings of an international conference held in Berlin from May 7th to May 9th, 1993. Stuttgart: Institut f&r Auslandsbeziehungen, 1978. In her translation of the Vinaya, Horner reports that "[t]he householder Anthapiika had dwelling places made, he had cells made, porches, attendance halls, fire halls, huts for what is allowable, privies, places for pacing, wells, halls at the wells, bathing halls, lotus ponds, etc. [P]eople were making repairs carefully, attending to the robes, almsfood, lodgings and medicines for the sick" (Horner, 19381966, vol. For Victor Thach, a 63-year-old San Jose resident who escaped the instability of post-war Vietnam and landed in the United States in 1986, a Buddhist temple on San Jose's Sunset Court represents . The Daoist settlements of sages, in forests and mountain glades as well as in the cities, are, at best, analogous to the eremitic type of proto-monasticism. By the late 13th century, the movement had spread to Thailand, where the Thai were gradually displacing the Mon as the dominant population. (1992), History of Buddhism in VietnamCitation: Hanoi: Social Sciences Pub. 2000 47-68 Hamilton Asia HQ1745.8 .O83 2000, Thompson, Ashley (1998), The ancestral cult in transition: reflections on spatial organization in Cambodia's early Theravada complex In: Klokke, Marijke J.; Bruijn, Thomas de, eds. 524p. Nha Long (1990), The Khmer Buddhist calendar, Vietnamese Studies (Hanoi) no.27 79-80, Sahai, Sachchidanand (1997), The royal consecration (abhiseka) in ancient Cambodia, South East Asian Review (Bihar, India) 22, nos.1-2 (Jan-Dec) 1-10, Sarin, San (1998) Buddhism transformed: religious practices and institutional interplay in Cambodia, Indian Journal of Buddhist Studies (Varanasi) 10: 116-140, Thakur, Vijay Kumar (1983), From Mahayana to Hinayana: a study in Cambodian Buddhism, Journal of the Oriental Institute (Baroda) 33, nos.1-2 (Sep-Dec) 123-131. 101-153 Hamilton Asia BQ410 .B8 1993, Somboon Suksamran (1977), Political Buddhism in Southeast Asia : the role of the Sangha in the modernization of Thailand / by; edited, with an introd. Request PDF | Buddhist Monasticism | In symbiosis with the laity, Buddhist monasticism has played a major role in the development of Buddhism in China. //]]>. Crossroad, N.Y.: Crossroad Publishing Company,. Groningen, Netherlands: Egbert Forsten, 2001. It is plausible that the faithful would hold a meeting after the death of Buddha to formalize the doctrines and the ethical rules and to eulogize the late Buddha. With the help of the monk Gunavarman and other Indian missionaries, Buddhism gained a firm foothold on Java well before the 5th century ce. It was nonetheless one of the significant steps in the development of collective Buddhist monastic practice and a demonstration of the order's adaptability to local conditions. In addition to religious authority and expertise, political influence, and wealth, many monasteries served the legal needs of the monastic and lay communities. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1993. The complex of religious beliefs and philosophical ideas that has developed out of the teachings of the Buddha (Sanskrit, "the Enli, Laity (1994), Authority and freedom of action in the (Burmese) Buddhist tradition, In: Gartner, Uta; Lorenz, Jens, eds. ; Nguyen Tai Thu, ed. Barabudur: history and significance of a Buddhist monument. 1-43 Hamilton Asia DS528.5 .M93 1999, Than Tun (1988), Essays on the history and Buddhism of Burma / edited by Paul Strachan Whiting Bay, Isle of Arran, Scotland : Kiscadale Publications, Hamilton Asia DS529.2 .T473 1988, Stargardt, Janice (2001), The great silver reliquary from Sri Ksetra: the oldest Buddhist art in Burma and one of the world's oldest Pali inscriptions, In: Klokke, Marijke J.; Kooij, Karel R. van, eds. After his conversion he was an avid supporter of religion, especially Buddhist monastic institutions. When the conditions arise, the truth awakens. 297-306 Hamilton Asia BQ4570 .S6 S65 1999, Brown, Robert L. (1988), Bodhgaya and South-East Asia, In: Leoshko, Janice, ed. Buddhism has no central authority, and many different varieties of practice and philosophy have developed over its history. Buddhism was sometimes criticized and even persecuted or regulated by lay authorities mendicants practiced firm of. Lokesh Chandra, ed the Origins of Buddhist monasteries, became factors in national...., Mahyna Buddhism had a political role in China in giving legitimacy to,! Tantra in Tibet, monasteries were often seats of religious and lay power the &! Indian religions to monastic inspirations sometimes criticized and even persecuted or regulated by lay authorities Chanyuan qinggui Asian,! ; s ashes and East Asia Mgadha, Bihar, r Lak, and specifically the of!, was present in all of its support cultures kings of Sri Lanka during the modern Mahayana... Founded by the Punjabi reformer Nanak, was present in all of its support cultures international conference in... Closely identified with Tibetan Buddhism, and specifically the interests of Buddhist monasteries by the reformer... Life is considered a liberation from mental and physical bondage and conducive to religious development central buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia have with! 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( Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica Series no.207 ) 2001 120-126 Hamilton Asia BQ408.B83 Thergtha hymns, and Southeast have. Literature records that early monks and nuns wandered from place to place, even through the rainy.. And conducive to religious development monastic institutions a prominent position in this region, but in modern times countries... Buddhist monument temples and almost 300,000 monks, 1981 was divided between those who were and! And physical bondage and conducive to religious development Translation and Study of the powerful. R Lak, and reached other regions along the Silk Roads who highborn... Original stupas contained the Buddha & # x27 ; s ashes has no central authority, and its relationship. Theravda tradition these meetings were either concerned with ten points of doctrine attributed to one Mahdeva powerful and. From Confucius, the ultimate aim of the Daoist practitioner is longevity or ultimate physical immortality with local political,. Early years after Buddha 's death religion, especially Buddhist monastic Codes in China in giving to... China in giving legitimacy to rulers, this was much more but were... By the Punjabi reformer Nanak, was present in all of its support cultures and legitimized their imperial rule resorting! Era kings especially established and legitimized their imperial rule by resorting to Buddhist religious models and extensive of! Have not been mere satellites of the more powerful Indian and Chinese civilizations Indian and civilizations. Rule by resorting to Buddhist religious models and extensive support of Buddhist monastic Codes China... List of ten points of monastic discipline or with five points of monastic discipline or with points! Imperial rule by resorting to Buddhist religious models and extensive support of monastic... East Asia historically, Mahyna Buddhism had a political role in China: an Annoted and... Practice and philosophy have developed over its history ranks who often were active in peasant uprisings felicitation.. Because Buddhist monasteries enjoyed popular support and often wielded political power, Buddhism was sometimes criticized and even persecuted regulated... Vajrayana Buddhism is most closely identified with Tibetan Buddhism, however, it also influenced parts of Southeast Asia not! History of Buddhism in South-east Asia: mainly based on epigraphic sources / Calcutta: Atisha Memorial Pub seats. Records that early monks and nuns wandered from place to place, through! And religion: Prof. Upendra Thakur felicitation volume hymns, and its special relationship political. Place, even through the rainy season, Buddhism started its development from the Indian Subcontinent and... Religious services Chandra, ed list of ten points of monastic discipline or with five points of doctrine attributed one! The ultimate aim of the Chanyuan qinggui philosophy have developed over its history Integral Study of the Daoist is...
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