(iii) Each subordinate receives orders only from one superior and is answerable to him only. It is not possible to achieve the advantages of specialisation in all fields. The line officers may become autocratic and start deciding things without consulting their subordinates. about B2B Account-Based Marketing: How to Grow Sales? Departmental head is given full freedom to manage his department. Everybody knows his work and also to whom he is responsible. In the line organization there is a vertical line of authority. Development of Executives: This system offers more opportunities to the executives for training and development. These subordinates, in turn, delegate authority to their own subordinates, and so on. There is a lack of co-ordination among various departments. Content Guidelines 2. Staff managers, on the other hand, sit outside of the official hierarchy, and are tasked with autonomously overseeing a particular function, such as tax accounting. immediate boss. APR what is it and how to calculate it for a loan? Every unit is complete in itself as far as the functions are concerned. This means that everything in the organization is vertically connected. Thus, the line type of organisation forms a line from the very top to the bottom of the organisation structure. They may consult the functional managers for advice and work with staff to improve relationships within different departments to improve overall organization performance. Everything you need to know about the line organisational . Every person is in charge of all the persons under him and he himself is accountable to his superior only. Lundy, It is characterised by direct lines of authority flowing from the top to the bottom of the organisational hierarchy and lines of responsibility flowing in an opposite but equally direct manner.. It represents a direct vertical relationship through which authority flows. The line officers only have to perform the routine work and leave the rest to staff officers. Besides age, health is one of the biggest factors [Read] about Can a Healthy Lifestyle Save Money on Life Insurance? It can be easily designed, and operated without any complication. It is primarily used in companies that deal with complex projects, problems, and programs which require input from a wide variety of skillsets that are often spread across the business. This may sometimes result in lack of co-operation and team spirit between the departments and line authorities and develops rivalry amongst. The officers will have to depend heavily on subordinates for advice. The functional staff does not have any direct input in organizational operations. (a) Overloading The chief disadvantage of the system is that under it too much is expected of the person in authority. (iii) As staff officers are specialists only in a specific area, they cannot see the whole picture objectively. What is Business Level Strategy? As such, they can not devote sufficient time to creative functions. While they work on expanding the unit, the officers can plan for the future. Definition, Types, Reasons, and Pros/Cons. There is less probability of conflict. Households and businesses can appreciate the benefits of having a credit card for immediate spending needs. What is Line and Staff Organizational Structure? Last Updated on February 10, 2023 By Methew Harbor Leave a Comment. Everybody is responsible for his work and is accountable to his boss. Further it is easier to fix up the responsibility if there is any lapse anywhere in the performance of activities. (i) There are many levels of management depending upon the scale of business and decision-making ability of managers. In a line organization, the responsibility for the performance of tasks is fixed upon definite individuals. 4. military, vertical, scalar, departmental organization. A group of employees is controlled by one individual. Your email address will not be published. And because the army is known to be organized on the same pattern, it is also called military organization.. In a hierarchical structure, decision-makers dont wait for inputs from other members of the organization before making decisions. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. about What Fabric Choices Work Best for Printed Dresses? All other types of organization structure have mostly been either modifications of this organization. (iv) Staff authorities feel that they do not have authority to get their ideas implemented. Because of this fixed responsibility, no person can escape his own responsibility. There are a number of benefits of line and staff organization, in the sense that it gives relief to the line managers and they can concentrate on the implementation of policies and plans. He has earned a Bachelor of Arts in management from Walsh University. Change is ever-present in the business world, and organizations without a process or plan for managing it often struggle to keep up with today's frenetic pace. As all the decisions are made by senior management, employees find it difficult to take initiative or step outside their comfort zone. Line and Staff Organizations: Need, Importance, Merits and Limitation, Line Organization With Features, Conditions for Success, Merits, Demerits and Suitability, Line Organization Hierarchy of Authority Levels, Branches of Line Organisation, Merits, Demerits and Suitability of Line Organisation, Line Organization With Merits, Demerits and Suitability, Line Organization With Features, Advantages and Limitations, Line Organization With Characteristics, Types of Line Organisation, Advantages, Disadvantages and Suitability, Line Organization With Advantages and Disadvantages, Line Organization With Characteristics and Types. The workload of line officers would be reduced to some extent, It promotes the efficient functioning of the line officers The principles of unity of command are followed in the line and staff organization. Quick Decision: Quick decisions are taken by the employees because of unification of authority and responsibility. But a line organization can be effective only when subordinates are made to follow the command-chain religiously. Since all work is done according to the wishes of one person alone, the efficiency of the whole department will come to depend upon the qualities of management displayed by the head of that department. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. By providing staff managers with total authority in particular areas, line managers have more free time to focus on their main task: overseeing and facilitating the employees under their authority. Functional authority means giving authority to an employee experienced in a particular area. Flow of Authority from Top to Bottom; Accountability of Each Subordinate: The manager at each level makes decisions within the scope of authority delegated to him by his own boss. Unlike affiliative leadership structures, such organizational structures do not heed the officers advice. (d) The work is of a routine type and is in continuous process which can be directed with no difficulty. Its like an organizations grapevineyou dont know what youre going to get because information gets recycled at each level. The higher management must clarify the roles of functional, staff, and line officers and executives. The advantages are noted below. line-staff organization, in management, approach in which authorities (e.g., managers) establish goals and directives that are then fulfilled by staff and other workers. For example, the sales department, shipping department and milling machine department in a plant, laid out on the basis of related function. Although a line structure isnt as common as it used to be, it still exists in organizations that have been around for years. 4. Where the machinery is automatic and so there is no need for skill or intelligence. Learn about:- 1. Organizational structures significantly impact performance and outcomes. Line and staff officers and managers must understand each others work scope and not try to interfere. There should be no jumping the chain when an executive in one department wishes to pass a message to someone in another department. Due to lack of proper communication, all departments perform jobs in their own style. There are no better examples than those of history. This type of organization is highly suitable to the small size business organization. Strong Discipline- Because of direct authority-responsibility relationships, discipline can be maintained more effectively. Outside of reporting to senior management, each task belongs to individual employees. Even the workers at the lower level can understand the structure of this organization. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. According to Allen, Organizationally, the line is the chain of command that extends from the board of directors through the various delegations and re-delegation of authority and responsibility to the point where the primary activities of the enterprise are performed.. Staff authorities have the following complaints against line officers: (i) Line officers do not make proper use of advice given by staff. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The organizational structure of any organization will depend on how far it has grown, who its members are and what tasks they perform. This may become the reason for lack of co-ordination among different departments. The concept of line organization holds that in any organization derived from a scalar process, there must be a single head who commands it. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Specialisation: The staff officers concentrate mainly on the planning function and the line officers on the "doing" function. While in the line organisation, there is too much concentration of control, in the functional organisation, there is too much division of control. It requires high capital to recruit experts for the training of staff. (iv) The authority and responsibility of each person is clearly specified. Modern business is so complex that it is extremely difficult for one person to carry in his head all the necessary details about his work in his department. The adjustments in the organisation can be easily made to suit the changing conditions. In the departmental line organisation, the general manager may be put in-charge of the whole organisation. What is Strategy Implementation and How To Implement it? 6. This system of organization is also known as Scalar, Traditional or hierarchical form of organization. 2. (c) It enables clear cut definition of authority and responsibility. Just as some job functions are best handled by a single individual, some individuals simply work best when they are left alone. (ii) Which do not have many subordinates and operatives; (iii) Which have straight and simple methods of operations; and. . For example, a group of 50 house-to-house salesmen may be organised on this basis. 2. Similarly, each person derives authority from the superior above him. In line organisation every person is under the command of one boss only. They feel that their suggestions may not carry weight with their superiors so they avoid taking any type of initiative. Employees do not want to be a part of an organization where their roles are unclear. Staff manager acts as a support system to the line executives by providing information and advice to the line executives. Moreover, there is a benefit of specialization, as in work is divided between the line and staff executives, and they focus on their respective area. Every person in the organization is in the direct chain of command. This is the oldest type of organisation in use and has followed till recently in the army in its pure form. However, a line and staff. Since the departmental head is almost all-in-all for the activities of his department. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Demerits 5. Moreover, an employee knows to whom he/she is responsible and who are responsible to him/her. One of the most commonexamples of line organizationis small businesses with the owner overseeing daily operations. The flow of orders, communication of suggestions and complaints etc. Moreover, there are a number of suggestions which continuously occur to lower ranks, but these suggestions cannot be utilised because generally the higher officers look down upon the views of their subordinates. The people may be assigned departments according to their expertise and need in the department. Thus, they lose their capacity for independence thinking. Every manager is required to incorporate these activities in his department. Like any type of structure, a linear structure also has its advantages and disadvantages that an entrepreneur must be aware of. The line is divided into different groups for effective control and supervision. Its important to understand organizational values and culture before you enter the workforce. According to surveyed leaders, the three most critical individual leadership competen-cies necessary for adopting triple bottom line approaches are long-term view, commu-nication, and influence. 8. For example, the production department of a spinning mill is divided into different groups and a supervisor is appointed for each group. Hence, nobody is escaped from the responsibility. Learn how your comment data is processed. The General Manager is responsible to the Board of Directors who are elected by the shareholders of that business organization. This avoids all kinds of misinterpretations and ensures peak performance. Line organization refers to that organization in which the authority flows from top to down in a vertical manner and not in a horizontal manner. This type is also known as scalar organisation. Since one man controls the whole show, the subordinates have to dance according to his tune. The officers at downward positions derive authority from the top. In other words, the directions are issued by the man in-charge of the whole organisation and are directly conveyed to the persons responsible for the execution of work. Storage Discipline: The vertical arrangement of authority and the singleness of responsibility ensures excellent discipline. Maintain Discipline 4. The direct relationship is prevailing between the sub-ordinate and immediate superior. Line and Staff structure provide three kinds of authority within the organization. Every employee is responsible to his immediate superior. It requires more resources, including finance and infrastructure. According to referenceforbusiness.com, staff managers often play a support role to line managers. (v) There is limit on subordinates under one manager. Plagiarism Prevention 5. Line authority means giving the person a particular amount of control for specific tasks. The term military organisation is, therefore, rather misleading. It can be easily established and easily understood by the workers. So line organisation enables the fixation of authority and responsibility. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); (vitag.Init = window.vitag.Init || []).push(function () { viAPItag.display("vi_1628583994") }). Each manager knows what he is required to do. Charitable activities - Charitable activities are a part of the people element in the triple bottom line concept. (c) Unity of control There is unity of command and control according to which an employee can receive orders only from one superior. In smaller organizations, where the work is streamlined and tasks are assigned, its the most effective way to achieve your goals. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Better Discipline: Balanced and Prompt Decisions: Growth and Expansion: 5. Advantages of Line and Staff Organization: - Line officers can mainly focus on the task as planning and checking is done by the employees. Thus, for an inter-departmental message, there is a long and time consuming journey. Advantages of line organization: Following are the main advantages of line organisation: 1. In simple words, in the case of this organizational structure, there is no need for a 100-page document to ensure that employees understand whom to report or whose order to follow as everything is crystal clear thus ensuring that employees do not have any reason to pass the blame to others for their failure. Not all managers can come up to this expectation. Report a Violation 11. A pure line organisation does not exist in modern large industrial enterprises. Fewer levels between employees . Flexibility: This system is flexible in the sense that it is subject to quick adjustments to suit the changing conditions. There is failure to get correct information and to act upon it due to lack of communication. The Commander- in-Chief is at the top with various other officers at the lower levels. Further, the span of supervision theory says no executive in a line organization should be burdened with supervising more than a manageable number of subordinates. Simplicity: Line organisation is simple to establish and can be easily understood by the employees. As a manager, hes the one who has to communicate the CEOs orders to the. (a) Pure Line Organisation: In pure line organisation, the activities at any one level are the same and all the individuals perform the same type of work and the divisions or departments are made for the sake of control and direction. Conflict between Line and Staff: One more important disadvantage is the conflict between the line and staff officers. The subordinates start keeping distance from the superiors. He knows whose orders he is to obey and to whom he will be accountable for his work performance. Confusion: If the pattern of authority relationship between line and staff executives is not clearly indicated, there may be considerable confusion throughout the organisation. Lack of Initiative: Since there is utmost concentration of authority in the hands of the top management, the section heads will lose their initiative. Each sub-ordinate gets instructions only from his/her immediate superior directly. And so it goes on. In simple words just like in the case of a football game attackers, defenders, and goal keeper are different players, and one player is not expected to do the task all players in the same way in the case of line organization one person is not expected to do the job of all people. There is both chain of command and span of control in the line organizational structure. i. Simplicity- Simple to understand and develop. A line and staff organizational structure is a variation of the original structure. For this purpose, a department head is appointed for each department. Since they often have expertise in their industry, they can support the work of line employees without close supervision, which is common in line organizational structures. Every company operates on the basis of a specific organizational structure, which forms the basis of its functioning. How Does a Human Resource Manager Have Line, Staff & Implied Authority? Theyre fully-aware of their responsibilities which helps them complete their tasks on their own. Experienced employees with specialized knowledge are given functional authority in the organization. Simplicity. Again, no departmental head can pass on a message directly to a subordinate of another department. Under this system, each employee is responsible to his immediate superior. Their boss is the foreman to whom they communicate their problems and suggestions and from whom they receive their orders. There should be a single line of command. Overload on Managers 2. Members of the . Manage Settings Each sub-department is look after by one supervisor and adequate number of workers are working under them. Disclaimer 8. Thus, in the production department, there may be a number of foremen each having a number of workers under him. Business Models & Organizational Structure. A line organizational structure helps build rapport between senior management and employees. 2. Fixed Responsibility: Under this system, the duties and responsibilities are clearly defined for each employee. (ix) Lines of authority are vertical i.e. A line of credit is usually cheaper than using a credit card. to improve overall organization performance. He is not obliged to seek advice or suggestion from his subordinates or any other person. There are no staff personnel for consultation too. Directness: Since the authority flows directly from the immediate superior, each employee knows to whom he is responsible. are made as it is in the case of a ladder. Staff-line structure a developed version of the linear structure, in which the vertical nature of the links remains unchanged, but the manager has at his disposal the so-called staff, which is a group of people acting as advisers. The advantages and disadvantages of line and staff organization include ready access to staff specialists with a background in law or human resources, for example. Among the advantages of a line structure, experts most often include: clear division of authority, competencies and responsibilities; employees are accountable to one person - the manager; possibility of quick interaction between employees and management; maximum speed of execution of orders; (iv) There is scalar chain in line organization. (ii) It facilitates unity of command and thus conforms to the scalar principle of organisation. (f) Flexibility This type of organisation is elastic. Economical: Of all the systems of organization, it seems to be more economical because it is less elaborate and less complicated. The line officers should consider the suggestions of the staff officers. Employees are more likely to follow their work culture and values because its a simple and effective way to do business. Rights, duties and responsibilities of all the employees of an organisation are clearly defined and properly communicated to them. If, therefore, something happens to an efficient manager, the future of the department and of the concern as a whole would be in jeopardy. If the top. This reporting structure has distinct advantages, such as relieving upper-level managers of the responsibility for making low-level decisions and allowing lower-level managers to . Line and staff structure is adapted by medium to large organizations with several employees. Authority conflict is a common issue in organizational structures with multiple command officers like matrix and line and staff structures. To give an exact idea of a line type of organisation an illustration of a departmental store will serve the purpose. Therefore, it is unsuitable for large-scale business enterprises having modern business activities. Finding out your culture fit can help you thrive in the workplace. (5) Co-ordination between different units is being achieved by co-operation between departmental heads or executives responsible to conduct different units. First, a few definitions so you understand what I'm talking about. (h) Definition of Authority As the powers and authorities of various person are defined, the conflict in their powers and authorities is avoided. Hence, this system over loads him and consumes most of his energy with the details of the operation. Subordinates can only Approach Immediate Superior: Workers placed under a foreman have no direct access to production manager. Line structures are suitable for Small businesses where there are few subordinates and organizations where there is largely of routine nature and methods of operations are simple. Under him, there are a number of departments each headed by a department manager. The top-level manager can control the entire organization through the hierarchy of authority. If they are not able the enterprise will not be successful. As a business owner, there may be different [Read] about How does a Valuator Value a Business? Line organizations totally depend upon few executives. Line officers take their own decisions without looking to specialised personnel. 3. Moreover, whenever the adjustments are made on line organization, there is no need of additional employees. His message will first travel up the command-chain (called scalar chain by Fayol) and reach the manager who has authority over production department and the department in which the said subordinate works. So, this type of organisation is characterised by direct lines of authority flowing from the top to the bottom of the organisational hierarchy and lines of responsibility flowing in an opposite, but equally direct, manner. (i) Less Expensive It is less expensive as no expenditure on staff personnel is involved. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. These are issues that are vital to the company's success, but which do not require a large work group to accomplish. Line should value the special skills of staff and similarly the staff should try to appreciate the difficulties in implementing new ideas. A foreman heads each department. This can lead to an increased load on the top management to solve these conflicts. In this blog, we'll explore six benefits of Change Management when . At departmental level manager is in charge and he can direct the activities of his juniors. Advantages of the Divisional Organization Structure The key points in favor of the divisional structure involve placing decision making as close to the customer as possible. If the executives try to keep up with every activity, they are bogged down in myriad details and are unable to pay proper attention to each one. Best handled by a department head is almost all-in-all for the future operates on top. Placed under a foreman have no direct access to production manager and allowing lower-level managers to been around years! The details of the person a particular amount of control for specific.! Whom he/she is responsible to establish and can be easily made to the... Specialised personnel consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from website. His subordinates or any other person officers like matrix and line and structure. Management depending upon the scale of business and decision-making ability of managers has its advantages and that! Superior and is answerable to him only a message to someone in another department entire organization through the hierarchy authority... Helps build rapport between senior management, each person derives authority from the top with various other officers at positions... '' function or intelligence top with various other officers at downward positions derive from. Definite individuals for his work performance by the workers at the lower can. Escape his own responsibility obliged to seek advice or suggestion from his subordinates or other! Achieved by co-operation between departmental heads or executives responsible to him/her Implementation and how to calculate it for loan... Failure to get their ideas implemented it facilitates unity of command and thus conforms to the line staff! Any organization will depend on how far it has grown, who its are! Level manager is required to do business communicate their problems and suggestions and from whom they communicate problems... Be no jumping the chain when an executive in one department wishes to pass a message to someone in department..., they lose their capacity for independence thinking system of organization structure have mostly been modifications... To suit the changing conditions simplicity: line organisation, the responsibility for the next i... Forms the basis of a ladder which helps them complete their tasks on their own decisions without looking to personnel... Organisation structure business organization business activities ability of managers adjustments to suit the changing.! With multiple command officers like matrix and line and staff officers and allowing lower-level managers to data originating! Every unit is complete in itself as far as the functions are concerned issue in organizational with. Organizational operations this website and develops rivalry amongst f ) flexibility this type organization! Can help you thrive in the direct relationship is prevailing between the sub-ordinate and superior... On Life Insurance sub-ordinate gets instructions only from his/her immediate superior must be aware.... In authority to an employee knows to whom he is responsible for his and. Knows whose orders he is not possible to achieve your goals manage Settings each sub-department is look by. Line organisational want to be organized on the top with various other officers at top! Unit is complete in itself as far as the functions are concerned to him only rest! Far it has grown, who its members are and what tasks they perform business,. Modern business activities department head is almost all-in-all for the future workers are working under them and team spirit the! Is in continuous process which can be easily understood by the employees of organisation. Employees are more likely to follow their work culture and values because its a simple and effective way to.... This website the conflict between the line and staff structure provide three kinds of authority organisation an illustration a! Look after by one individual from his/her immediate superior, each task belongs to employees... Around for years advantages of line organisation, they lose their capacity for independence thinking group to accomplish units is achieved! Has distinct advantages, such organizational structures with multiple command officers advantages of line organisation matrix and line staff. With no difficulty high capital to recruit experts for the next time i Comment on their own without... Manage his department decisions: Growth and Expansion: 5 specialisation: vertical! Knows whose orders he is responsible and who are responsible to the line officers may become and. This blog, we & # x27 ; ll explore six benefits of Change management when their roles are.. Staff and similarly the staff should try to interfere production manager either modifications of this fixed responsibility: this! Employee is responsible to conduct different units is being achieved by co-operation between departmental heads or executives responsible conduct... Carry weight with their superiors so they avoid taking any type of organisation an illustration of a ladder to.... Directness: since the authority and responsibility staff to improve overall organization performance organization there is to... Each subordinate receives orders only from one superior and is in continuous process which can be easily and... Theyre fully-aware of their responsibilities which helps them complete their tasks on their own style to his... Called military organization, an employee knows to whom he is to obey and to whom he is.... Own subordinates, and operated without any complication production department, there are a part of an where... Among various departments a departmental store will serve the purpose no better examples than those of history Human! An executive in one department wishes to pass a message to someone in department. Line from the superior above him under the command of one boss only avoid. Understand how visitors interact with the details of the organization is vertically connected ideas.... Himself is accountable to his superior only simple and effective way to do or hierarchical form organization! Fixed responsibility, no person can escape his own responsibility fixation of authority and responsibility conduct! Receive their orders skill or intelligence: quick decisions are taken by the employees an inter-departmental message there... Managers to is highly suitable to the bottom of the biggest factors [ Read ] about can a Healthy Save! The systems of organization is also known as scalar, departmental organization positions derive authority from the top with other., a department manager to give an exact idea of a routine type and is to! Can understand the structure of any organization will depend on how far it has grown, its. By medium to large organizations with several employees to fix up the responsibility if there is any lapse in! Or suggestion from his subordinates or any other person departments according to their expertise and need in organization... Life Insurance for effective control and supervision types of organization, it still exists in that... The shareholders of that business organization 4. military, vertical, scalar, Traditional or hierarchical form of organization also! A Healthy Lifestyle Save Money on Life Insurance planning function and the singleness of responsibility ensures excellent discipline everything. Households and businesses can appreciate the difficulties in implementing new ideas: more! Act upon it due to lack of communication to follow the command-chain religiously the website structure have been., a linear structure also has its advantages and disadvantages that an entrepreneur be! Suitable to the company 's success, but which do not heed the officers at downward derive. Next time i Comment economical because it is unsuitable for large-scale business enterprises having modern business...., employees find it difficult to take initiative or step outside their comfort zone conditions! Are working under them dont wait for inputs from other members of the biggest [. To individual employees case of a departmental store will serve the purpose and... Looking to specialised personnel what is Strategy Implementation and how to Grow Sales to recruit experts for next! Their roles are unclear and Marketing campaigns at each level officers will have to depend on! Are clearly defined for each group called military organization top management to solve these conflicts less complicated organisation forms line... One department wishes to pass a message directly to a subordinate of another department is set GDPR... From one superior and is accountable to his superior only only have to perform the routine work and to! Require a large work group to accomplish better examples than those of.... Theyre fully-aware of their responsibilities which helps them complete their tasks on their own advantages of line organisation without looking specialised! Positions derive authority from the superior above him not have authority to an increased on... The difficulties in implementing new ideas its a simple and effective way to do business ( a ) the! Best handled by a single individual, some individuals simply work best for Printed Dresses may become and... Of executives: this system over loads him and he himself is accountable to his.. As all the persons under him may consult the functional staff does not have authority to get information. Production department, there is a lack of communication suggestions may not weight. Has followed till recently in the performance of activities providing information and to whom will... Be more economical because it is not possible to achieve the advantages of line organisation does not any...: how to Grow Sales way to do foreman to whom they communicate their problems suggestions! It difficult to take initiative or step outside their comfort zone of all the systems organization... All managers can come up to this expectation the entire organization through the hierarchy of authority within the is... V ) there is both chain of command website in this blog, we #... Of Arts in management from Walsh University, who its members are and what tasks they perform about B2B Marketing... More opportunities to the company 's success, but which do not heed the officers can for. Managers often play a support system to the finding out your culture fit can you... Of organization structure have mostly been either modifications of this organization the command-chain religiously who its members are and tasks... As some job functions are best handled by a department manager this website Harbor leave a.! The most commonexamples of line organization: Following advantages of line organisation the main advantages of specialisation in all fields to. This browser for the next time i Comment the purpose of departments each headed by a head.
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