Thus much of the damage in northern India was not due to high ground acceleration there but rather due to surface disruption of the earths surfacial layers. The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074270. . Survey of India, Calcuta (391 pp). 483, pp. About 3,000 persons in Muzaffarpur had met their death in the Earthquake. The 1934 Bihar earthquake created knee-deep mud on the agricultural field. Devastatingdisasters.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. When constructed c.200 BC, the Kesariya Stupa, at a probable height of 50 m, may have been the highest stupa in the world. The earthquake shocks of magnitude 5 to 6 have been recorded in the Garhwal region in 1803, 1809, 1816, 1966, Inst., 13, 417-432; 1935), who spent seven weeks during the following summer in the central district. The extent of damage in areas not visited by the foreigners did not recognize these facts. The agricultural field was covered in knee-deep mud following the 1934 Bihar earthquake. Topographic map of india depicts the epicentral locations of three large earthquakes; 1803 Uttaranchal earthquake (Mw 7.5); 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (Mw 8.1) and 2001 Bhuj earthquake (Mw 7.7), marked as filled stars and the locations of the affected areas considered for the study (marked as rectangles).Most of the study areas are located on the river banks as well as on the alluvial . Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa (The Great Earthquake of Nepal) (pp. https://doi.org/10.1038/136485b0. The M6.5 earthquakes affected mostly the far western portion of Nepal mainly Baitadhi, Bajhang and Darchula. Different effects are observed in western Nepal (see figures in Additional file 1 ). No contemporary surface rupture was reported for this great Himalayan earthquake although one has recently been reported in trench investigations in Nepal. Seismicity of the earth and associated phenomena. The 1833 earthquake that arrived on August 26, 1833, was felt over a large part of northern India. In the future, large earthquakes will again rupture along the Himalayan front. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. The case studies give information on the structural aspect and causes of failure. Ninety percent of water pipes and almost all telephone lines would be put out of service. Most of the roads were fissured with fissured depth even upto 13-15 feet and for considerable length. Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15 1934. Avouac J P 2003 Mountain Building, Erosion, and the Seismic Cycle in the Nepal Himalaya; Adv. For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenburg & Richter (1954). It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. excessive rain during the earthquakes cause damage to the bridges. He specializes in the quantification and simulation of Rizza, M., Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Karaka, ., et al. Roads were tom and alignments were changed. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 115. CrossRef (M 6.9) The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650 km (404 mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. Great detachment earthquakes along the himalayan arc and long-term forecasting. It was felt in northern India, where additional deaths and damage were reported. Even in Biratnagar, ground fissured out with springs of water for few minuites. Site response of the Ganges basin inferred from re-evaluated macroseismic observations from theM8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934Nepal M 8.1 earthquakes. 1934 AD: This is known as Great Nepal Bihar Earthquakes is the strongest earthquake of the 20 th century and this. The study reported that the recovery was faster . natural hazards. In Bhagalpur district many buildings collapsed. generally referred to as the Chamoli earthquake. B. Auden and A. M. N. Ghosh has recently been published (Rec. 5. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in [9], The number of deaths was 10,70012,000[4][2] with 7,253 recorded in Bihar. The intensity of ground shaking depends on the duration, local geology, and distance. Baffin Bay Earthquake Canada November 20, 1933, The COVID Variant You Might STILL Get in Some States, 4 Viral Threats Worse Than the New Coronavirus, COVID Aftermath: 2 DEVASTATING Side Effects of the Vaccine, 10 Foods That Can Have a Devastating Effect on You, 10 Contagious Diseases Worse Than COVID-19, 6 Deadly Bioweapons the US Has Faced in the Past, 11 Devastatingly Easy Ways To Lose Weight, 8 Common Things Devastated By Coronavirus. The earthquake had removed many antiquated buildings and was directly responsible for the construction of numerous modern buildings, roads and bridges in which cement, steel and reinforced concrete played an important role. The Postal Savings Bank showed an appreciable increase in the deposits. http://bit.ly/2bO3W3i. Res. The estimated economic loss due to this quake is placed at around Rs.22,000 Crores. Bijih logam ditem terlebih dahulu dilakukan http://goo.gl/f0vB7K In India, the earthquake caused some serious damage to towns and destroyed a small number of buildings. B., Ghosh, A. M. N., & Wadia, D. N. (1939). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 124, 91829207. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Nakata, T., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. (2018). Internet Explorer). Seeber, L., & Armbruster, J. Surv. The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. PubMedGoogle Scholar. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. First-order spirit leveling lines in northern Bihar were remeasured shortly after the earthquake (Burrard 1934; De Graaf-Hunter 1934; Bomford 1937). (Before Earthquake) &&&&&&&& &&& &&(During Earthquake), Fig-1 (Images of the then Dharahara, a nine-storeyed tower at Sundhara, Kathmandu; Before, During and After 1934 Earthquake. The lion at the head of the Asoka pillar at Lauriya in Champaran District had shifted on its axis in an anti-clockwise direction. Peculiarly enough the damages were more in the part of the town to the north of the Railway station. Unfortunately, more large and great earthquakes can be expected in the future, with resulting damage and injuries. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Read Steve's blog. 3. - 202.3.109.12. alluvial plain of Bihar (India) and Nepal, and the hilly regions of eastern Himalayan ranges. Everest. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); At this moment, there are still a few COVID-19 variants, Have you ever considered that there were even more dangerous, Are Covid Vaccinations really THAT Safe? Tectonophysics, 453, 6373. J. Int. description of the earthquake effects; Annexure I of the paper describes the MSK scale. Communications were severely tampered with. Wesnousky, S. G. (2020). The flood may result due to damage caused to the dams. Ambraseys N and Douglas J 2004 Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes; Geophys. Nasu, N. (1935). Bihar Earthquake, 1934. 73 1-391. Nepal Earth Planetary Sciences Letters, 457, 366375. On April 25, 2015, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake (and the subsequent 7.3 magnitude aftershock on May 12) claimed nearly 9,000 lives, crumbled 600,000 houses, and injured 22,000 people. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. Steven Ward is a Research Geophysicist at Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes. Powers P M, Lillie R J and Yeats R S 1998 Structure and shortening of the Kangra and Dehra Dun reentrants, sub-Himalaya, India; Geol. In contrast to Indian region, damage in Nepal was clearly due to ground shaking; and as per the reports, it was comparable or even higher than in northern India. (Following is a reproduction of the account written by P.C Roy Choudhury). The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. A., Auden, J. The great Indian Earthquake of January 15, 1934. The town of Madhepura had subsided and buildings had cracked. The area west of Kathmandu has not ruptured in the last three hundred years and stands out as a potential site for future great Himalayan earthquakes. The task of reconstruction running into crores of rupees, supplemented with Government and charitable grants put large sums under the pockets of the poor. Feldl N and Bilham R 2006 Great Himalayan Earthquakes and the Tibetan Plateau; Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199. In few cases, buildings were subsided by 3-4 feet too. to Chitawan. 2015 Nepal Earthquake Ahsan Jadoon Department of E&ES Bahria University 2. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Bollinger L, Perrier F, Avouac J P, Sapkota S, Gautam U and Tiwari D R 2007 Seasonal modulation of seismicity in the Himalaya of Nepal; Geophys. The main shock was felt from Delhi in the western part of India and Pakistan to Chittagong in the east, in Bangladesh. The new specifications promulgated by the Government laying stress on the use of horizontal reinforced concrete of R.B. The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw. 1. The loss to livestock was enormous. Auden) from the Geological Survey of India visited Kathmandu, which had been severely shaken. This study focusses on the performance of structures during earthquake and aftermath, causes and possible preventive measures by reviewing four case studies related to the same. ; epicenter of the earthquake was supposed to lie within the plains of Northern India : Bihar. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 119(9), 71237163. At Pusa, the buildings that had housed the Imperial Institute for Agricultural Research were reduced to debris and that is the reason why the Institute was re-built at New Pusa in Delhi. In Birgunj, several houses were damaged alongwith ground fissuring at many locations with emergence of water. 3.3 BIHAR - NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 1934 This 8.4 magnitude earthquake occurred on January 15, 1934 at around 2:13 PM and caused wide-spread damage in the northern Bihar and in Nepal (GSI, 1939). Almost half of the bridges in the valley would be impassible, and 10 percent of all paved roads would have moderate damage, such as deep cracks or subsidence. Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Nepal (136 p). This earthquake could have much the same effect as the one nearly 25 years ago, bringing a calcified political order crashing down. volume136,pages 485486 (1935)Cite this article. affected during this earthquake. The wells were choked with sand, while water levels in tanks became shallower due to sand deposited in the tank beds. (2019). The 1934 Nepal-Bihar Earthquake. Am. Hough, S., & Bilham, R. (2008). It should be noted that peak shaking occurred only after few minutes of initiation of shaking allowing sufficient time for evacuation at the mid-day; hence less casualties. An appraisal of damage by Pandey and Molnar (1988) based on a translation of a contemporary damage published in Nepali by Major Brahma Sumsher J. Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. Soc. Pandey M R and Molnar P 1988 The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone; J. Geol. GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences. Geophys. Bomford, G. (1937). Some river beds had moved away from their direction and Captain L. E. Whitehead, Pilot Superintendent of I. G. Navigation Company stated that the water was 2 feet 6 inches deeper over 5 shoals between Colgong and Goalunda. The maximum Mercalli Intensity was estimated about XI, on a scale of I to XII. The epicenter was in the vicinity of the large Bihar-Nepal earthquakes of 1833 (magnitude 7.0-7.5) and 1934 (magnitude 8.4). Geological society (Vol. Thus the inferred rupture geometry given the above numerous qualifications of uncertainty, are approximately as follows. The quake was felt at far-off places such as Kanpur (440 km south-east from the Soc. Bihar earthquake 1934 6,000 . Following the 1934 earthquake, as per the report prepared by Geologists of India, Dunn et al. The earthquake took place on January 15 around two o'clock in the afternoon and cause widespread damage. News from the country was available only next morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. Copyright 2023 Devastating Disasters.com | Powered by, Bihar Earthquake India January 15, 1934. Fig-2 (Map of Kathmandu Valley showing intensity of damage occured in 1934 Earthquake. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z. 1988 A.D. / 2045 B.S. 110 1010-1027. The earthquake caused a massive avalanche on the slope of Mount Everest which took the life of 18 people and injured at least 30 climbers. It is said that the epicentral region is close to this area and the North Bihar is a region of great under-load arising from very density in the crust and because of the low density of the alluvium of the Ganges Valley. Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan frontal thrust, India. 1250). Nepals only international airport would be inaccessible. Examines details of Gorkha earthquake, including geo-seismicity, damage statistics, casualties, effect on cultural heritage, gender-risk mechanics, case studies of social institutions,. (2016). The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. Had it arrived at night, more people would have been trapped in their homes and killed as their homes collapsed. In our field survey, 46 % of buildings were totally collapsed and 16 % were partially collapsed. The Indian Department of Mines and Geology is collaborating with many scientists from all over the world to understand the causes and effects of these devastating earthquakes, and to help mitigate the ensuing destruction. The activity is a result of the slow northward movement of the Indian Subcontinent, colliding with the great Asian landmass of China. (2020). the Kinnaur earthquake (1975), Dharam . Journal of Seismology, 20, 733745. The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the then assumed epicenter which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal not being recognized. Yeats, R. S., & Thakur, V. C. (2008). In: Earthquakes of the Indian Subcontinent. chaired the Board of Advisors for the Southern California Earthquake Center from 1994 to 1996. The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. Marcussen, E. (2017). On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. Effects of Tapered Flange: (i) Bolted Connection: Bolt . Zones like Dharan, Sindhuli, Udayapur and Bhojpur were severely damaged. Today's Earthquakes Today's Earthquakes; Big Quakes; Places LA and Southern California; Northern California; . Large paleoearthquake timing and displacement near Damak in eastern Nepal on the Himalayan frontal thrust. The earthquake that occurred in the afternoon (2:13pm, IST) of January 15, 1934 (Mw 8.2), is one of the strongest among the twentieth century Himalayan events. Paleoseismic evidence of great surface rupture earthquakes along the Indian himalaya. M8.7 Assam earthquake, 1905 M8.6 Kangra earthquake, 1934 M8.4 Bihar-Nepal earthquake and the 1950 M8.6 Assam-Tibet earthquake. and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. The 1934 NepalIndia earthquake or 1934 BiharNepal earthquake was one of the worst earthquakes in India's history. Center from 1994 to 1996 railway tracks and cultivation fields were effects of bihar earthquake 1934 earthquake India 15! Depth even upto 13-15 feet and for considerable length Solid Earth, 119 ( 9,. And almost all telephone lines would be put out of service: this is known as great Bihar... Relation to the effects of bihar earthquake 1934 of the Indian Himalaya about XI, on a scale I! Auden ) from the Geological survey of India, Calcuta ( 391 pp ) yeats, R. ( 2008.! Northern Bihar were remeasured shortly after the earthquake ( Burrard 1934 ; Bomford 1937 ) known as great Nepal earthquakes! 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